- It is a connective tissue composed of a liquid extracellular matrix
- It is a complex transport medium that performs vital pickup and delivery services for the body as well as thermoregulation.
- the main medium for transporting nutrients absorbed by the digestive system, hormones released by the endocrine system.
- It facilitates regulation to maintain homeostasis.
- Denser and more viscous than water
- It is slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.35 – 7.45.
- Its color depends on its oxygen saturation.
Blood
A liquid extracellular matrix in the blood that dissolves and suspends various cells and cell fragments.
Blood plasma
An average adult has a total blood volume of —- which constitutes — of extracellular fluid and —–of body mass.
5 – 6 liters; 20%; 8%
Is there a difference of total blood volume between males and females?
Yes, there is, due to the difference in body size
Blood is composed of ——-, and ———-.
plasma; formed elements
This is is a clear, straw – colored fluid that is primarily made up of water, proteins and other solutes. Its water component acts as a solvent and suspends the formed elements of the blood.
Blood plasma
Proteins in blood exert ———– facilitating the maintenance of water balance between blood and tissues thereby regulating blood volume.
osmotic pressure
Other solutes dissolved in plasma include:
- electrolytes
- nutrients
- gases
- regulatory substances
- waste products
It is normally uniform throughout the body. However, because arterial puncture is technically difficult and potentially hazardous, it is primarily reserved for blood gas evaluation and certain emergency situations and performed only by those with special training.
Arterial blood composition
It is affected by metabolic activity of the tissue it drains and varies by collection site. It differs most from arterial blood in its lower oxygen content, but chloride, glucose, pH, CO2, lactic acid, and ammonia levels may also differ. Impaired blood flow can affect other analytes.
Venous blood composition
This contains arterial and venous blood plus tissue fluid. Because it enters capillaries under pressure, the arterial portion is highest. Warming the site increases it further.
The composition differs most from venous blood. Capillary glucose is normally higher; calcium, potassium, and total protein are normally lower. Squeezing the site can falsely
elevate potassium levels, however.
Capillary blood
Two components of whole blood
- formed elements
- blood plasma
Two components of whole blood:
cells and cell fragments
Formed elements
Two components of whole blood:
* a watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
Blood plasma
Red blood cells (45%), White blood cells, Platelets
Formed elements
- transport gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) throughout the body and maintain systemic acid/base balance
- The fraction occupied by these cells to the entire blood volume is known as the hematocrit.
Red blood cells (45%) / Erythrocytes
What gases do erythrocytes transport throughout the body and maintain systemic acid/base balance?
oxygen, carbon dioxide
What is the fraction occupied by the red blood cells to the entire blood volume?
Hematocrit
- Leukocytes protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances.
- Each type of these contributes in its own way to the body’s defense mechanisms.
- Granular leukocytes: Neutrophil (60-70%), Eosinophils (2-4%), & Basophil (0.5 – 1%)
- Agranular leukocytes: Lymphocytes (20–25%) & Monocytes (3-8%)
- Key players in the defense against invading microorganisms, and in the repair of injured tissues
White blood cells
- Azurophilic granules (Lysosomes)
- Specific granules-that bind neutral, basic, or acidic stains and have specific function
- Have polymorphic nuclei (2 or more nuclear lobes)
Granulocytes (Leukocytes)
- Azurophilic granules (Lysosomes)
- No specific granules-with affinity for basic stain azure A
- The nucleus is spherical or intented but not lobulated
Agranulocytes (Leukocytes)
Neutrophil (60-70%), Eosinophils (2-4%), & Basophil (0.5 – 1%)
Granular leukocytes
Lymphocytes (20–25%) & Monocytes (3-8%)
Agranular leukocytes
- (60-70%)
- Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite anion.
- aka NEUTS, segmented, SEGs polymorphonuclear or PMNs
- Size: 10-16 um with nucleus
- 2-5 nuclear lobes (centrally or eccentrically)
- Color: Nucleus-purplish-red with clumped chromatin
- Pink or lavender-staining granules
- Life span: 1-4 d
- Kill and phagocytose bacteria
Neutrophil
