Immunization

Question 1

What are two key public health measures have a major effect on lowering the incidence of infectious disease?

Answer 1

1. Public sanitation

2. Vaccines

Question 2

An immunizing agent derived from microorganisms Vaccines may consist of the following:

1. Live, attenuated microorganisms
2. Killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
3. Products or derivatives of microorganisms

Answer 2

Vaccine

Question 3

What are the three variations of vaccine types?

Answer 3

1. Live, attenuated microorganisms
2. Killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
3. Products or derivatives of microorganisms

Question 4

administration of a vaccine

Answer 4

Active immunization

Question 5

administration of exogenously produced

or preformed antibodies

Answer 5

Passive Immunization

Question 6

What are some uses of Passive Immunization?

Answer 6

1. To prevent disease after a known exposure
2. To ameliorate the symptoms of an ongoing disease
3. To protect immunodeficient individuals
4. To block the action of bacterial toxins and prevent the diseases they cause

Question 7

• Postexposure treatment

- Injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide rapid, temporary protection or treatment.

Answer 7

Passive immunization

Question 8

____ ______ ______ are used against:

Hepatitis A 
Hepatitis B 
Rabies 
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Varicella zoster 
Tetanus

Answer 8

Human Immune GLobulins

Question 9

___ ____ are used against:

Botulism
Diphtheria

Answer 9

Animal antitoxins

Question 10

• sometimes antiviral antibody titers not high enough
• contamination with other infectious agents

-need to use early after exposure
often this is not possible

-some viruses have a limited extracellular phase
herpesviruses, enteroviruses

Answer 10

Passive immunization limitations

Question 11

t/f: Antibody-containing products can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccines

Answer 11

true

Question 12

t/f: Administration of vaccines should be delayed until passive antibody has degraded

Answer 12

true

Question 13

For diseases with long incubation periods both active and passive immunization are used for postexposure control

WHAT ARE THREE EXAMPLES?

Answer 13

Hepatitis B, rabies, tetanus

Question 14

• Use of vaccines to elicit immune responses
• Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines

-Live vaccines (attenuated)

Answer 14

Active Vaccination

Question 15

With ____, _____, ___ ____ ____ there are:

• No risk of infection
• Use large amounts of antigen
• Inactivate or kill by chemical treatment (e.g. formalin) or heat for bacteria, viruses, or bacterial toxins.
• purify or synthesize subunits or components of the infectious agent.

Answer 15

Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines

Question 16

______ required to boost the immunogenicity of these vaccines

Answer 16

Adjuvants

Question 17

Alum (aluminum salt) is an example of an _______..

Answer 17

Adjuvants

Question 18

Modern______ are designed to be or to mimic PAMPs

• bacterial cell wall components
• synthetic polymers
• bacterial toxins (attenuated)

Answer 18

adjuvants

Question 19

t/f: Adjuvants influence the type of immune response

Th1 or Th2

Answer 19

true

Question 20

What are some disadvantages of Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines?

Answer 20

1. Immunity is not usually long-lived (generates a Th2 response that does not elicit
   effective immune memory)
2. Immunity may be humoral and not cell-mediated
3. The vaccine does not usually elicit a local IgA response
4. Booster shots are required 5. Larger doses must be used

Question 21

A class of Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines: ____ _____

• toxoids
  C orynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium tetani

-inactivated (killed) bacteria (Ex. Vibrio cholrae)

-capsule or protein subunits of bacteria
Capsular polysaccharide vaccines: Haemophilus influenzae B

-Conjugate these because polysaccharides are poor immunogens
Hib polysasccharide + diphtheria toxoid

Answer 21

Bacterial vaccines

Question 22

inactivated viruses (polio, hepatitis A, influenza, and rabies)
protein subunits of viruses (hepatitis B)

Answer 22

Viral vaccines

Question 23

-Use avirulent or attenuated microorganisms

• Immunization resembles the natural infection
  host reaction progresses through Th1 and Th2 immune responses
  humoral, cellular, and memory immune responses are developed
• Only a single dose usually required
• Immunity is generally long-lived
• No adjuvant required

Answer 23

Live vaccines (active immunization)

Question 24

Disadvantages of live vaccines

Answer 24

1. Vaccine microorganism may still be dangerous for immunosuppressed people or
   pregnant women, who do not have the immunologic resources to resolve even a weakened infection
2. The vaccine microorganism may revert to a virulent form (for viruses)
3. The viability of the vaccine must be maintained

Question 25

Calmette-Guerin bacillus (tuberculosis) is an example of a ______ ______ - attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis - not routinely used in United States because vaccinated individuals show a false-positive reaction to the tuberculosis test used in this country (PPD test = purified protein derivative test)

Answer 25

Bacterial vaccines

Question 26

MMR vaccine ``` measles virus (Paramyxovirus family; genus Morbillivirus) mumps virus (Paramyxovirus family; genus Paramyxovirus) rubella virus (Togavirus family; genus Rubivirus) ``` Varicella-zoster virus (also available as part of MMRV vaccine)

Answer 26

Viral Vaccines

Question 27

the host immune responses associated with disease protection

Answer 27

correlates of protection

Question 28

What two vaccines protect solely or principally by induction of serum antibodies?

Answer 28

hepatitis A | Tetanus

Question 29

___ ____ play a role in protection against infections caused by agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces. -example: rotavirus

Answer 29

Secretory antibodies

Question 30

What two infections requre Vaccines for which T-cell responses are essential?

Answer 30

measles and varicella