1
Q
Attention
A
- Person must be alert to be attentive
- Selected, Divided, Inattentional Blindness
2
Q
Selective Attention
A
- Salience, designed in the physical environment to capture your attention (alarms)
- Expectancy
- Value, how worth it is to pay attention to
- Effort
3
Q
Divided Attention
A
- Resource Demand, mental effort of one activity degrade ability to carry out second activity
- Structure, if two tasks demand common structures, (both visual) time sharing is likely worse
- Similarity, two tasks can be confused
- Resource Allocation, make one task a priority over another
4
Q
How to deal with task overload
A
- Task Redesign
- Interface Redesign
- Training
- Automation
5
Q
Sensory Memory
A
- Using our sensory systems
- Very brief storage
- Visual is 1 second
- Auditory is 2-4 seconds
- Goal is to provide enough time to process the stimuli
6
Q
Perception
A
- Consequence of selective attention
- Conversion of the sensory information received into a meaningful structure
- How we derive meaning from stimuli in our environment
- Cocktail party effect (perceiving without paying attention)
7
Q
Perceptual Process
A
- Break it down, match the components, make a decision
- Feature Analysis
- Unitization, more rapid response based on familiarity
- Top-down processing, correctly guess what a stimulus or event is based on expectations
8
Q
Working Memory (Short Term Memory)
A
- Transient
- Small amount of information
- Temporary
- Keeps info active while or until we use
- can hold 7 +/- 2 chunks of information
- Chunks are physical and cognitive properties that bind items together
- More chunks, more decay
9
Q
How to Improve Working Memory
A
- Minimize load
- Visual Echoes
- Exploit Chunking
- Minimize confusability
- Avoid unnecessary zeroes
- Ordering of text and instructions
10
Q
Long Term Memory - Explicit - Semantic
A
- Stores Factual Information about the world
- Retains learned truths
- Not dependant on time and place but is governed by rules related to understanding things in our surroundings
- Goal-oriented, involving information like data and skills
- Once information enters semantic memory, it is not easily lost
11
Q
Long Term Memory - Explicit - Episodic
A
- Information associated with events, time, place, people, and objects
- Operates automatically and is dependant on our experiences
12
Q
Long Term Memory - Implicit
A
- Recollection acquired and used unconsciously that can affect thoughts and behaviours
- Procedural Memory, memory of how to perform a certain task without actively thinking about it
- Emotional Memory, memory of the emotions you felt during an experience
13
Q
Long Term Memory Organization
A
- Not logical
- Sorted by associative networks called schemas
- Schemas are knowledge structure around particular topic
- Mental Models of dynamic systems
- Cognitive Maps
14
Q
Decision Making - Normative
A
- Real World Decision Making
- Look at the decision makers as rational and purely logical
- Assumption is that all decision makers will make rational decisions at all times
15
Q
Decision Making - Naturalistic
A
- Decisions often take place in dynamic environments, features far more complex than in a lab
- Identifies how decisions are made in the real world
16
Q
Decision Models - Expertise
A
- Ability to handle situation is based on expertise
- Expertise developed in stages, knowledge, rule, then skill
17
Q
Decision Models - Heurisitcs
A
Mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently
18
Q
CLEAR
A
- Clarify the Problem
- Look for Ideas
- Evaluate Solutions
- Act on your decision
- Review Performance
