INSTRUCTION & FEEDBACK.

Question 1

what are 2 forms of communication?

Answer 1

1. pre-movement instructions
   - demonstration
   - verbal instruction
2. post- movement feedback

Question 2

in pre-movement instruction, what is demonstration?

Answer 2

• skill that is being modelled.
• this is observation visually by the observer on what they perceive.

Question 3

when is it most effective to demonstrate skills?

Answer 3

• it is most effective when a new pattern coordination is needed.
• when it is performed, the skill needs to be performed correctly.
• it is effective for beginner practices because they will make errors and then have to problem solve on how to eliminate those errors.

Question 4

what are 2 theories, that indicate why demonstrations work?

Answer 4

1. cognitive mediation theory.
   - observed movements are translated into a memory code, which acts as a guild for performing the skill.
2. dynamic view of modelling.
   - based on visually seeking the task performed.
   - processing of visual information basis of control and coordination of limbs for movement.
   - this applies constraints t our movements as to the task we are trying to complete.

Question 5

what are mirror neurons?

Answer 5

• they are neurons that are active earn observing an actions, but not performing it.
• they are found in premotor cortex, and SMA.

Question 6

what are the demonstration down falls?

Answer 6

• There is no ideal movement that is appropriate for all
  learners
• Providing learners with solutions prevents them from problem‐solving movements
• Watching skilled performance can create illusion of skill
  acquisition

Question 7

imagery is the mental or cognitive rehearsal of a skill, what is imagery used for?

Answer 7

1. skill acquisition
   - learner modelling the skill in their own mind repeatedly.
2. performance preparation
   - skill rehearsal and arousal modification.

• physical practice is most effective but mental practice is still effective over doing nothing.

Question 8

what are 2 reasons why mental practice is effective?

Answer 8

1. learning cognitive elements
2. learning of motor program

Question 9

what is the difference between observation and imagery?

Answer 9

OBSERVATION
- understand the idea of basic movement pattern.
- learn movement, timing, rhythm, sequencing.
- focus is at the movement endpoint or outcome.

IMAGERY
- rehearsal of movement, timing, sequencing.
- is easily altered to emphasize different aspects.
- learners choose perspective, angle, modality, agency.

Question 10

what is the difference between verbal instructions and cues?

Answer 10

INSTRUCTIONS
- detailed information in 3+ more words.
- occurs prior to performance.

CUES
- short phrase of 1-2 words
- occurs prior or during performance.
- cues that direct attention to the task.

Question 11

how can verbal instructions be effective?

Answer 11

1. quality of instructions
   - step by step description of how to perform the movement.
   - analogies.
   - can be pulled from previous motor programming.
2. attention and memory limits
   - there is a ceiling for memory and attention, when giving instructions, tell the person what the goal of the task is NOT what they shouldn’t do.