AEPS > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

How many cattle are there being farmed approximately?

A

1 billion

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2
Q

How many deer are there being farmed approximately?

A

4 million

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3
Q

How many alpaca are there being farmed?

A

3.5-4 million

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4
Q

How many camel are there being farmed?

A

25-30 million

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5
Q

How many goats are there being farmed?

A

750,000

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6
Q

How many sheep are being farmed?

A

> 1 billion

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7
Q

Where are sheep commonly farmed?

A

Australia, New Zealand, Asia, middle of africa

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8
Q

Where are goats farmed?

A

Asia, middle of africa

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9
Q

Where are cattle farmed?

A

Worldwide

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10
Q

How many farmed buffalo are there?

A

200 million

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11
Q

Where are buffalo farmed?

A

Asia

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12
Q

Where are deer farmed?

A

New Zealand (biggest), USSR

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13
Q

Where are alpaca farmed?

A

Mostly South America (Peru)

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14
Q

What is extensive livestock?

A

Animals are grazing paddocks for their own feed for the majority of the year (may need supplementary feed at poor pasture growth periods).

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15
Q

What determines where different classes of stock will be and what stocking density they will have?

A

Pasture growth (determined by rainfall, temperature).

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16
Q

What is rainfall pattern in Australia?

A

Higher rainfall at the coast, great dividing range, and northern areas.
There are variations in pattern and consistency.

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17
Q

What is the problem with using long-period averages (eg: rainfall over 30 years)?

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A

The pattern/variation in the event is hidden. Eg: floods and droughts are not recorded which is important information for farmers and also vets as diseases vary with floods and droughts etc.

18
Q

What are indigenous seasons based on?

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A

Plant, animal and environment.
6 seasons and varies between different areas.
Land-based calendar (not very structured).

19
Q

What season does northern Australia use?

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A

Wet/dry seasons.
Wet starts in Nov/Dec and ends in April.

20
Q

What season does South Australia use?

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A

Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring.

21
Q

What are the costs associated with starting a new pasture?

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A
  • seed
  • fertiliser
  • sowing
  • lost grazing opportunity (lower stocking density to allow pasture to grow)
22
Q

How does pasture type vary?

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A
  • with rainfall
  • soil type
  • temperature

*higher rainfall usually more perennial
- temperate plants in south, tropical in north

23
Q

Why use a mixture of pastures?

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A
  • animal benefit
  • plant benefit (eg: one provides more nutrients)

*pastures do have risks (toxicity)

24
Q

What determines the length of the growing season for pasture?

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A
  • temperature data
  • rainfall data
  • evaporation data
  • soil temperature data (minimum may limit growth)
25
When is the pasture growing season usually?
Autumn to late spring in Melbourne. Sone areas of Australia get year round rain, while others may get 4-5 months of the year.
26
What are livestock zones determined by?
Rain and temperature
27
What are the livestock zones?
- pastoral zone (northwest and middle of Aus) - wheat/sheep zone (inland of southeast coast) - high rainfall zone (southeast coast)
28
Where are beef cattle zones?
Northern aus (no sheep in tropical conditions) and along the coast.
29
Where are dairy cattle zones?
Mostly southeast coast (very few in north).
30
What are the challenges with export?
- short shelf life of meat/milk - exchange rate (some transactions are hedged to fix the price in case the rate drops). - biosecurity and image - politics (international decisions (eg: surrounding disease or war) can impact outcomes for farms if they export internationally
31
What are some advantages of Australia in livestock and export?
- biosecurity (tough laws and is an island) - data integrity and product safety (animal identification allows for rapid trace back if exotic diseases is identified
32
How is the value of production systems assessed?
- financial (primarily) - psychological - medical - cultural *social license can largely impact purely financial system
33
How does industry structure vary?
The larger the industry, the more structured usually (eg: beef cattle industry vs alpaca industry) - there is less representation of smaller industries at political level and across agricultural sector *aus ag sector does set aside funds for emerging industries
34
What organisations are involved in inputs/outputs of industries?
- livestock agents - abattoirs - vets - fertiliser companies - genetics companies - feed companies - transport companies - infrastructure suppliers - animal health and identification - retailers - wholesalers - information providers
35
What are the benefits of research in farms?
- increase productivity - reduce food costs (societal good) - grants
36
What do breed societies do?
- provide breed info and promotion - allow sharing of ideas - fellowship - marketing - education - organisation and structure - regulatory role
37
Who mainly regulates veterinary chemicals?
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) - Department of Health *some drugs are not registered for some species due to costs required to do so (adds risk for vets working in these areas as there is no regulation and vet must take responsibility).
38
What is a WHP?
Withholding period. - minimum period between last administration of vet chemical (including treated feed) and slaughter/collection/harvesting/use of animal commodity for human consumption.
39
What is an ESI?
Export slaughter interval. - minimum time between administration of a vet chemical to an animal and their slaughter for export
40
What is the NVD?
National Vendor Declaration. It provides evidence of livestock history (eg: vet chemical treatments) and on-farm practices when transferring livestock through value chain.
41
What are some inputs of extensive animal production systems?
- land (may be owned, leased or agisted) - animals (may have multiple species) - labour (important for successful farm management) - seed, fertiliser, spray (for pasture management) - fencing and their upkeep - infrastructure (eg: dairy: dairy, silo, yards, landways, small paddock fencing. Sheep: shearing shed, yards, silo, hay shed etc). - personal transport (horses, helicopters, utes, tractors, motorbikes) - drought plan (feeding, water and shade infrastructure, storage) - machinery - animal health products and veterinary services - other
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