Intro

Question 1

Describe the key differences in the following for Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses:

1. Timing
2. Specificity
3. Memory

Answer 1

1. Timing
   Innate: FAST
   Adaptive: lag time = slow
2. Specificity

Innate: NOT Antigen Specific

Adaptive: Effector cells are antigen specific

3. Memory

Innate: NONE

Adaptive: Present!

BOTH can be modified epigenetically

Question 2

Which system delays the ability of a pathogen to infect the host, and which can eliminate the pathogen?

Answer 2

1. Innate = delays

2. Adaptive = DESTROYS

Question 3

What is the first level of defense of the INNATE System?

Answer 3

1. Chemical
   - fatty acids (skin)
   - low pH (gut)
   - enxymes (gut)
   - salivary enzymes in eyes/nose
2. Mechanical
   Skin, Gut, Lungs, Eyes/nose all have epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
   - skin & gut have longitudinal flow of air or fluid
   - lungs have movement of mucus by cilia
3. Microbiological
   - normal flora

Question 4

Which system is

1. Germline Derived
2. No precise Memory
3. Highly destructive

Answer 4

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Question 5

What are two forms of danger that the innate system uses to become active?

Answer 5

1. Cell damage

2. Pathogen Exposure

Question 6

What are the steps in activation of the INNATE system?

1. How do the innate immune cells sense danger?
2. What are the patterns called
3. What are the receptors?
4. What happens when these bind?

Answer 6

1. Immune cells sense molecular patterns unique to microbes or damaged cells
   (DNA)
2. Patterns Pathogen/Damage associated Molecular Patterns =
   PAMPS (pathogen) or DAMPS (damage)
3. Receptors for both are TOLL Like receptors (TLR)
   * on innate cells*
4. TLR recognize and bind PAMP or DAMP –> activates phagocytic & killing mechanisms of cells via BINDING

Question 7

What are the “gateway” to the immune system & thus the ignition switch that turns on innate immune responses?

Answer 7

TLR!

Question 8

How is danger dealt with once it is detected? (2 pathways)

Answer 8

1. Circulating Proteins
2. Immune Effector Cells
   - cooperate for efficiency

Question 9

What are cells of the innate system?

What is a downfall of these cells?

Answer 9

Leukocytes!

• rapid & large number of responses
• contain granules loaded with lethal/hydrolytics/oxidizing molecules

2. Cannot discriminate between pathogens and underlying tissue

Question 10

What two groups of leukocytes are efficient at phagocytosis?

Answer 10

Neutrophils & Macrophages

Question 11

The soluble proteins that circulate in the vascular system & facilitate activation of immune reactions during infection are synthesized WHERE?

Answer 11

LIVER

Question 12

What specific structural components do proteins bind to on bacterial cell walls?

Answer 12

1. MANNOSE - containing structural components
2. PAMPs
   - molecular pattern

Question 13

What is the function of cytokines?

Answer 13

crude communication system where they could not only tell each other a pathogen was present but could activate themselves and their neighbors

• bridge between innate & adaptive immunity

Question 14

What are mandatory participants in the immune response?

Answer 14

Cytokines

Question 15

Describe the following for Cytokines:

1. Structure
2. Function
3. Action

Answer 15

1. two chain peptides encoded by separate genes
   - exhibit PLEIOTROPISM & REDUNDANCY
2. Produced by a variety of cells to “communicate”
   - lymphocytes & macrophages use cytokines to regulate intensity of immune response

** Agonist/Antogonist dynamics***

3. Actions vary and dependent on state of target cell

Question 16

What is pleiotropism?

Answer 16

all kinds of different affects that vary based on what stimulates the cell to make a cytokine

Question 17

What are the 4 cardinal characteristics of the ADAPTIVE immune system?

(EXAM)

Answer 17

1. Recognize Antigens
2. Distinguish between SELF - and NON-SELF
3. CLONALLY expand antigen specific cells after their activation
4. REMEMBER specific encounters (memory)

Question 18

What cell type is responsible for the ADAPTIVE immune response?

How are these identified?

Answer 18

Lymphocyte!

• identified via markings on cell surface = CD

Question 19

Describe the 4 major functions of the Small Lymphocyte of the Adaptive System.

Answer 19

1. Has specific antigen receptors
2. Communicates with other cells by cytokines and receptors
3. Clonal proliferation
4. Generates a response specific for the occasion

Question 20

What are the two subtypes of the Small Lymphocyte of the adaptive response and what are their functions?

Answer 20

1. B cell:

• become plasma cells
• can product specific antibodies to destroy pathogens
  “communicators”

2. T cell:
   a) Helper b) Killer
   - regulate immune response by controlling cytokine production

Question 21

What adaptive cell has the ability to regulate the immune response by controlling cytokine production?

Answer 21

T cell!

Question 22

The following describe innate or adaptive immunity?

1. Specificity inherited in genome
2. Expressed by all cells of a particular type
3. Triggers immediate response
4. Recognizes broad class of pathogens
5. Interacts with a range of molecular structures of a given type

Answer 22

INNATE

Question 23

The following describe innate or adaptive immunity?

1. Encoded in multiple gene segments
2. Requires gene rearrangement
3. Cloncal Distribution
4. Discriminate between CLOSELY related structures

Answer 23

ADAPTIVE immunity