Intro to Globalisation (Week 7)

Question 1

What is the Definition of Globalisation

Answer 1

the speed with which connections can be made between people, goods, services, information and ideas.

Question 2

What are 4 Key concequences of Globalisation?

Scholte

Answer 2

1. Internationalisation of cross-border relationships between countries.
2. Liberalisation of political & economic relationships.
3. Universalisation of cultural forms. E.g. TV that spread experiences around the world.
4. Modernisation - the spread of the social structure of modernity. E.g. capitalism, scientific rationalism, industrialism across the world.

Question 3

Key Term

What is meant by Distanciation?

Giddens (1990)

Answer 3

the separation of time and space, so that individuals increasingly interact less face-to-face and more through the internet or money.
e.g. Online shopping
social media friendships
Remote working

Question 4

Key Term

What is meant by Deterritorialisation?

Answer 4

where there is no longer a clear relationship between cultural, political and economic activities and specific geographical locations.
* Social life is less tied to place
* Culture moves across borders
e.g. Global fashion trends
e.g. same brands worldwide
e.g. Online communities

Question 5

Key Term

What is meant by Disembedding?

Answer 5

things are separated from their original surroundings and contexts.
e.g. phone transactions replacing coins/notes.
e.g. online banking
e.g. digital contracts

Question 6

3 ways the Disembedding of People occurs?

Answer 6

1. Global communication - between strangers across the world. takes place in “cyberspace” which has no physical existence.
2. Physical disembedding - how people define themselves in terms of national/global identities e.g. British Pakistani
3. Cultural disembedding - development of HYBRID CULTURES - Mixed traditions

Question 7

McDonalds - Example of Cultural Hybridity

Global restaurant Chains

Answer 7

Global restaurant chains (McDonalds) have modified their menus to suit the tastes of different cultures.
E.g. In India - the Big Mac becomes Maharaja Mac made with chicken or veggie patty.

Question 8

Explain Baudrillard’s concept of “Simulacra”

Answer 8

Simulacra = “representation that refers to other representations.”
E.g. a phone call or e-mail becomes as real as talking face to face.
* The simulation has the same status as what it is simulating.
**Effects of simulacra: **
* Hard to tell if something is real or fake
* People focus on image rather than reality
* Our understanding of the world is shaped by media, not experience

Question 9

Key Term

What is Glocalisation?

Adamu - Malone

Answer 9

Glocalisation is a combination of globalisation and localisation.
* Global ideas adapted to fit local cultures.
* Global products, ideas, styles do not stay the same everywhere, they are changed to suit local tastes values and traditions.
* Adamu argues “global events/processes interact with local events/processes.”
* Malone argued glocalisation is a form of hybridity.

Question 10

What is Mundialisation?

Answer 10

• a form of Glocalisation
• more than 1000 cities declared themselves “world citizen cities.”
• cities become highly connected to global world thorugh business, media, culture, transport, technology
• assert global rights and responsibilities.
• try to work together - act on global issues.
  E.g. After Brexit there was an online petition demanding that London should remain part of the EU even if the UK as a whole left.
  e.g. New Yort is home to global finance, huge influence in media, fashion and culture

Question 11

Exaplain - Marshall McLuhan’s Global village

Answer 11

• globalisation will lead to a single global culture.
• electronic media turned the world into a village where communication was instant and people around the world could become more informed about the lives of others and feel more involved and responsible for these lives.

Question 12

What are 4 Cultural Dimentions of Globalisation?

Answer 12

• Global information/communication systems
• Global patterns of consumerism (clothing, diet, technology)
• Cosmopolitan lifestyles (being open to the globalised world - travelling)
• Global sports events - Olympic Games and Football World Cup

Question 13

Political Dimentions of Globalisation

Answer 13

• Liberal democracy spreading
• Political ideas (human rights, gender equality) spread globally, been accepted in many countries.
• Nation states have become less important compared to TNCs and political entities (EU)
• Some nation states given up some political power to smaller, local political structures.
• Some issues becoming too big for nation states to deal with alone. e.g. climate change, terrorism, drugs trade.

Question 14

Economic Dimention of Globalisation

Castell

Answer 14

• Growth of [TNCs]
• Use of global commodity chains -goods assembled all around the world
• Castell’s: we are now in a phase of globalised capitalism.

Question 15

Explain Appadurai & the concept of “Scapes”

Answer 15

• “Scapes” are imagined worlds that cross territorial borders and are connected in a variety of ways.

Question 16

Appadurai

What are Ethnoscapes?

Answer 16

Movement of people across the world
* Migrants
* Refugees
* Tourists
* Students
* These movements make societies more culturally diverse

Question 17

Appadurai

What are Mediascapes?

Answer 17

The global spread of media
* News
* TV
* Films
* Social media
* Media shapes how people see the world, influencing opinions about other cultures, lifestyles and global events

Question 18

Appadurai

What are Technoscapes?

Answer 18

The global spread of technology
* Smartphones
* The internet
* Social media platforms
* Technology allows people to communicate instantly across countries
* makes global connections faster and easier

Question 19

Appadurai

What are Financescapes?

Answer 19

The movement of money around the world
* Global banking
* Investment
* Stock markets
* Money can move very quickly
* increasing global inequality and instability

Question 20

Appadurai

What are Ideoscapes?

Answer 20

The spread of political ideas?
* Democracy
* Human Rights
* Freedom
* These ideas often come from powerful countries
* challenge local beliefs, sometimes causing conflict or resistance