KNES SEM 1 First Year > KNES 259 > Flashcards

KNES 259 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three structural classifications of articulations (i.e., joints)?
a. List types of each structural class we have discussed in class

A

Fibrous joint, cartilaginous joint, and synovial joint

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2
Q

List examples of each class / type of joint (e.g., structural classification: fibrous
à
type: suture
à example: coronal suture)

A
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3
Q

Describe the mobility of each articulation: immovable, slightly moveable, freely
moveable.

A

Fibrous are immovable, cartilaginous are slightly moveable, and synovial are freely moveable

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4
Q

What is the general structure of synovial joints?

A

potential space (joint cavity) filled with lubricating synovial fluid
produced by the joint capsule

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5
Q

Which components of a synovial joint are most superficial? Which are deep?

A
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6
Q

List the 6 types of synovial joints

A

Hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, plan (gliding), and ball and socket

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7
Q

uniaxial joints

A

hinge and pivot

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8
Q

biaxial joints

A

condyloid and saddle

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9
Q

multiaxial

A

plane (gliding) and ball and socket

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10
Q

List examples of each type of synovial joint we have discussed in class

A
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11
Q

Describe the movement permitted by each type and example listed

A
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12
Q

What are the functions of ligaments?
a. List examples of ligaments we have discussed; describe each ligament’s predominant
function

A
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13
Q

Which bones comprise the sternum?

A

Xiphoid process, body, manubirum

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14
Q

Which region of the vertebral column does the thoracic cage articulate with?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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15
Q

Which structures comprise the vertebral column?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal vertebra

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16
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column that are comprised of singular vertebra

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar

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17
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column that are comprised of fused vertebra

A

sacral, coccygeal

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18
Q

Why does the size of vertebra increase until the region of the bony pelvis? Why does the size
of vertebra then decrease at the region of the bony pelvis?

A
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19
Q

Identify the joints that bind the vertebral bodies of a single vertebra.
a. Which structural class of joints (and specific type of this joint class) unites these
bones?
b. What is the mobility of this joint?

A

Intervertebral discs, plane joint, synovial (freely movable)

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20
Q

What are the two types of curvatures of the vertebral column?
a. In which regions are these types of curvatures specifically located?
b. What are the structural and developmental differences between these types of
curvatures?

A

2 degree lardosis and 1st degree kyphosis ADD MORE

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21
Q

What structures do all typical vertebrae exhibit?
a. Consider anatomical positioning: where are these structures relative to one another?

A

Vertebral body (anterior), vertebral arch, and 7 processes

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22
Q

b. The intervertebral (zygapophyseal) joints unite which structures of the typical
vertebrae?
i. What is the class and type of this joint?
ii. What is the mobility of this joint?
iii. What movement is permitted by this joint?

A

Articulation between superior / inferior ARTICULAR processes

synovial (planar) joint and is freely movable

ADD MOVEMENT PERMITTED

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23
Q

What defines an atypical vertebra?

A

C1: anterior tubercle and posterior tubercle and a superior articular surface
C2: Dens (Odontoid process)

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24
Q

Which structures unite to form the vertebral arch

A

Pedicles and laminae

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25
Which structures unite to form the Vertebral foramen?
Vertebral body, pedicles, and laminae
26
Which structures unite to form the vertebral canal?
Stacking of vertebral foramen
27
Which structures unite to form the Superior / Inferior vertebral notches?
vertebral body, pedicles, superior / inferior articular processes
28
Which structures unite to form the Intervertebral foramen?
notches and IV discs
29
What are the regional characteristics of Cervical vertebrae?
Triangular, large vertebral foramen, bifid spinous process, transverse foramen
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What are the regional characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?
Circular, small vertebral foramen, heart-shaped vertebral body,
31
What are the regional characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?
large vertebral body, Small, triangular vertebral foramen, flat and broad spinous processes
32
What structures of typical vertebrae fused to form each crest of the sacrum?
median sacral crest ---> spinous processes Intermediate sacral crest - articulate processes Lateral sacral crest - transverse processes
33
What structures of typical vertebrae are missing to form the sacral hiatus?
Laminae and spinous processes
34
What structure(s) of C1 articulate(s) with the skull?
superior articular surfaces
35
What structure(s) of C2 articulates with C1?
Dens (Odontoid process)
36
Identify the joint name of C1 and C2
Median Atlanto-Axial Joint
37
What is the class and type of the Median Atlanto-Axial Joint? iii. What is the mobility of this joint? iv. What movement is permitted by this joint?
synovial (pivot) joint freely movable rotation of the head
38
Describe the location and function of Anterior / posterior longitudinal ligaments
Anterior longitudinal ligament: Located on anterior / lateral surface of vertebral bodies, limits extension of VC Posterior longitudinal ligament: Located on posterior surface of vertebral bodies, Attached mainly to the IV discs, less so to the bodies, limits flexion of the VC
39
Describe the location and function of Ligamentun flavum
unites laminae of adjacent vertebrae, resists separation of vertebrae during flexion, Forms posterior wall of vertebral canal; protects spinal cord and structures
40
Describe the location and function of Intertransverse ligament
Connects transverse processes and limits lateral flexion of VC
41
Describe the location and function of Supraspinous ligament
connects posterior aspect of spinous processes, limits flexion of VC
42
Describe the location and function of Interspinous ligament
Between spinous processes, limits flexion of VC
43
Describe the location and function of Nuchal ligament
Originates at the external occipital protuberance and inserts at C7, provides attachment for muscles in this location and limits flexion of VC
44
Which regions comprise the upper limb?
Shoulder, arm, forearm, hand
45
Identify the osteology and joints contained within each region of the upper limb
Shoulder- glenohumeral joint, scapula, clavicle Arm- Humerus Forearm- Radius and Ulna Hand-
46
What structure connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?
The pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula)
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Where is the suprascapular notch located?
Divot within the superior border
49
What structure turns the suprascapular notch into the suprascapular foramen?
Superior transverse ligament of the scapula
50
What structure travels through this foramen? Above this foramen?
Through: Suprascapular nerve Above: Suprascapular artery
51
What joint is formed by the articulation between Humerus and scapula? i. Specifically, which osteological landmarks form this articulation? ii. What is the class, type and mobility of this joint? iii. What movement is permitted by this joint?
Glenohumeral joint Head of the humerus and glenoid cavity Synovial (ball and socket joint), freely movable Everything
52
Humerus and ulna i. Specifically, which osteological landmarks form this articulation? ii. What is the class, type and mobility of this joint? iii. What movement is permitted by this joint? iv. What additional osteological landmark(s) aid in accommodating these movements?
Humeroulnar joint -Trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus -Synovial (hinge)) -Flexion and extension -Olecranon fossa of the humerus accommodates olecranon of the ulna during extension -Coronoid fossa of the humerus accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion
53
Humerus and radius i. Specifically, which osteological landmarks form this articulation? ii. What is the class, type and mobility of this joint? iii. What movement is permitted by this joint? iv. What additional osteological landmark(s) aid in accommodating these movements?
Humeroradial joint -Head of radius articulates with capitulum of humerus -Synovial (hinge) joint -Flexion and extension -Olecranon fossa of the humerus accommodates olecranon of the ulna during extension -Coronoid fossa of the humerus accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion
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What are considered extrinsic back muscles (superficial layer)
Trapezius, lats, rhomboids, levator scapulae
61
What are considered extrinsic back muscles (intermediate layer)
Serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior
62
What are considered intrinsic back muscles (most superficial and erector spinae group)
most superficial: splenius erector spinae group: Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
63
What are considered intrinsic back muscles (Transversospinales group)
Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores (brevis and longus)
64
What are considered intrinsic back muscles (Segmental group)
interspinales, intertransversarii, levatores costarum
65
What are considered extrinsic shoulder muscles
Traps, lats, rhomboids, levator scapulae
66
What are considered Posterior axio-appendicular muscles?
Traps, lats, rhomboids, levator scapulae
67
What are considered intrinsic shoulder muscles?
Deltoid, teres major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
68
Scapulohumeral muscles?
Deltoid, teres major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
69
Rotator cuff muscles?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
70
Anterior axio-appendicular muscles
Pec major, pec minor, subclavius, serratus anterior
71
Muscles of the thenar compartment of the hand
abductor pollicus brevis, felxor pollicus brevis, and oppenens pollicus
72
Mucles of the hypothenar compartment of the hand?
Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, oppenens digit minimi
73
Muscles of the central compartment of the hand?
Lumbricals
74
Muscles of the adductor compartment of the hand?
Adductor pollicus
75
Mucles of the interossesus compartment of the hand?
Palmar interosseus Dorsal interossues
76
Which muscles are innervated by the spinal accessory nerve?
Trapezius
77
Which muscles are innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve
Lats
78
Which muscles are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve
Rhomboids, levator scapulae
79
Which muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves
SPS, SIS, Intertransversarii,
80
Which muscles are innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
Splenius, erector spinae group, tranversospinales group, segmental group
81
Which muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve
Deltiod, teres minor
82
Which muscles are innervated by the lower subscapular nerve
Teres major, subscapularis (both upper and lower)
83
Which muscles are innervated by the lower suprascapular nerve
supraspinatus, infraspinatus
84
Which muscles are innervated by the lower medial and lateral pectoral nerve
Pec major and Pec minor
85
Which muscles are innervated by the long thoracic nerve
serratus anterior
86
Which muscles are innervated by the nerve to subclavius
Subclavius
87
Which muscles are innervated by the radial nerve
Triceps brachii
88
Which muscles are innervated by the median nerve
pronator teres, felxor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis
89
Which muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve
Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis
90
Which muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve
Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus
91
Which muscles are innervated by the anterior interosseus nerve
Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus
92
What is the axilla?
Passageway for structures travelling to and from the upper limb
93
What is the apex and base of axilla?
Apex- rib 1, clavicle, superior border of scapula Base- skin and subcutaneous tissue
94
What are the anterior border of axilla?
Anterior border- Pec major and minor
95
Lateral and medial border?
Lateral- humerus Medial-thoracic cage and serratus anterior
96
Posterior wall of axilla?
Subscaoularis, there’s major, lats
97
What is the other name for the apex of axilla?
Cervico-axiallary canal
98
What are the borders of the quadrangular space?
Teres minor-superiorly Teres major-inferiolry Triceps LH -medially Triceps lateral head-laterally
99
What are the borders of the triangular interval?
Teres major superiorly Triceps LH medially Lateral head laterally
100
What are the heads and attachments of biceps brachii?
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle; Short head: coracoid process → radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis.
101
What are the actions of biceps brachii?
Flexion at elbow and shoulder; supination of forearm.
102
What nerve innervates biceps brachii?
Musculocutaneous nerve.
103
What are the attachments of coracobrachialis?
Coracoid process → medial aspect of humerus (middle 1/3).
104
What are the actions of coracobrachialis?
Flexion and adduction at the shoulder joint.
105
What nerve innervates coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous nerve.
106
What are the attachments of brachialis?
Anterior surface of distal humerus → coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity.
107
What is the primary action of brachialis?
Flexion at the elbow joint.
108
What innervates brachialis?
Musculocutaneous nerve.
109
What are the heads and attachments of triceps brachii?
Long head: infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral head: posterior humerus (superior to radial groove); Medial head: posterior humerus (inferior to radial groove) → olecranon process of ulna.
110
What are the actions of triceps brachii?
Extension at the elbow; long head extends shoulder and resists dislocation of humerus.
111
What nerve innervates triceps brachii?
Radial nerve.
112
What is the distal attachment of triceps brachii?
Olecranon process of ulna.
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What are the attachments of pronator teres?
Humeral head: medial epicondyle (CFO); Ulnar head: coronoid process → lateral surface of radius (midshaft).
114
What are the actions of pronator teres?
Pronation of forearm; weak elbow flexion.
115
What nerve innervates pronator teres?
Median nerve.
116
What are the attachments of flexor carpi radialis?
Medial epicondyle of humerus → base of 2nd metacarpal.
117
What are the actions of flexor carpi radialis?
Flexion and abduction of wrist; weak elbow flexion.
118
What nerve innervates flexor carpi radialis?
Median nerve.
119
What are the attachments of palmaris longus?
Medial epicondyle of humerus → palmar aponeurosis.
120
What are the actions of palmaris longus?
Flexion of wrist; tenses palmar aponeurosis.
121
What nerve innervates palmaris longus?
Median nerve.
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What are the attachments of flexor carpi ulnaris?
Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon and posterior ulna → pisiform, hook of hamate, base of 5th metacarpal.
123
What are the actions of flexor carpi ulnaris?
Flexion and adduction of wrist; weak elbow flexion.
124
What nerve innervates flexor carpi ulnaris?
Ulnar nerve.
125
What are the attachments of flexor digitorum superficialis?
Medial epicondyle, coronoid process, superior 1/2 of anterior radius → shafts of middle phalanges (digits 2–5).
126
What are the actions of flexor digitorum superficialis?
Flexion at wrist, MCP, and PIP joints of digits 2–5.
127
What nerve innervates flexor digitorum superficialis?
Median nerve.
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What are the attachments of flexor digitorum profundus?
Proximal 3/4 of ulna and interosseous membrane → bases of distal phalanges of digits 2–5.
129
What are the actions of flexor digitorum profundus?
Flexion at wrist, MCP, PIP, and DIP joints of digits 2–5.
130
What nerves innervate flexor digitorum profundus?
Medial part: ulnar nerve; Lateral part: anterior interosseous branch of median nerve.
131
What are the attachments of flexor pollicis longus?
Anterior radius and interosseous membrane → base of distal phalanx of thumb.
132
What are the actions of flexor pollicis longus?
Flexion of wrist, MCP, and IP joints of thumb.
133
What nerve innervates flexor pollicis longus?
Anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve).
134
What are the attachments of pronator quadratus?
Distal 1/4 of anterior ulna → distal 1/4 of anterior radius.
135
What are the actions of pronator quadratus?
Pronation of forearm; binds radius and ulna together.
136
What nerve innervates pronator quadratus?
Anterior interosseous nerve.
137
What is the action of palmaris brevis?
Tenses palmar aponeurosis; improves grip.
138
What nerve innervates palmaris brevis?
Superficial branch of ulnar nerve.
139
What muscles make up the thenar compartment?
Abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis.
140
What are the actions of abductor pollicis brevis?
Abduction of thumb at MCP joint.
141
What are the actions of flexor pollicis brevis?
Flexion of thumb at MCP joint.
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What are the actions of opponens pollicis?
Opposition of thumb (touching little finger).
143
What nerve innervates thenar muscles?
Recurrent branch of median nerve.
144
What muscles make up the hypothenar compartment?
Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi.
145
What are the actions of abductor digiti minimi?
Abduction of digit 5 at MCP joint.
146
What are the actions of flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Flexion of digit 5 at MCP joint.
147
What are the actions of opponens digiti minimi?
Opposition of digit 5 toward thumb.
148
What nerve innervates hypothenar muscles?
Deep branch of ulnar nerve.
149
What are the actions of lumbricals?
Flex MCP joints and extend IP joints of digits 2–5.
150
What nerves innervate lumbricals?
Lateral 2 (digits 2–3): median nerve; Medial 2 (digits 4–5): deep branch of ulnar nerve.
151
What are the attachments and action of adductor pollicis?
Transverse and oblique heads → base of proximal phalanx of thumb; adduction of thumb.
152
What nerve innervates adductor pollicis?
Deep branch of ulnar nerve.
153
What are the actions of palmar interossei?
Adduction (PAD) of digits 2, 4, 5; flex MCP and extend IP joints.
154
What are the actions of dorsal interossei?
Abduction (DAB) of digits 2–4; flex MCP and extend IP joints.
155
What nerve innervates the interossei muscles?
Deep branch of ulnar nerve.
156
What are the three layers of intrinsic back muscles?
Superficial (splenius group), intermediate (erector spinae), and deep (transversospinales group).
157
What innervates the intrinsic back muscles?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves.
158
What are the main actions of intrinsic back muscles?
Extension, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation, and stabilization of the vertebral column.
159
What muscles make up the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles?
Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis.
160
What are the attachments of splenius capitis?
Nuchal ligament and SPs of C7–T3 → mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line.
161
What are the attachments of splenius cervicis?
SPs of T3–T6 → TPs of C1–C3 or C4.
162
What are the actions of splenius capitis and cervicis?
Unilaterally: lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of head/neck; Bilaterally: extension of head/neck.
163
What is the innervation of splenius capitis and cervicis?
Posterior rami of middle cervical spinal nerves.
164
What muscles make up the erector spinae group?
Iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis.
165
What are the subdivisions of iliocostalis?
Lumborum, thoracis, cervicis.
166
What are the subdivisions of longissimus?
Thoracis, cervicis, capitis.
167
What are the subdivisions of spinalis?
Thoracis, cervicis, capitis.
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What are the common origins of the erector spinae muscles?
iliac crest, posterior sacrum, and lumbar SPs
169
What are the insertions of iliocostalis?
Ribs
170
What are the insertions of longissimus?
TPs of thoracic/cervical vertebrae, and mastoid process.
171
What are the insertions of spinalis?
SPs of upper thoracic and midcervical vertebrae.
172
What are the actions of the erector spinae group?
Bilaterally: extend vertebral column and head; Unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column.
173
What innervates the erector spinae muscles?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves at each segment.
174
What muscles make up the transversospinales group?
Semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores.
175
Where do transversospinales muscles generally attach?
From TPs to SPs of more superior vertebrae.
176
What is the function of the transversospinales group?
Stabilize vertebrae during movement; assist with extension and contralateral rotation and lateral flexion, proprioception
177
What are the attachments of semispinalis?
TPS of cervical and thoracic vertebrae —> SPs of cervical and thoracic vertebrae (between super and inferior nuchal line)
178
What are the actions of semispinalis?
Extension of head, neck, and thoracic spine; contralateral rotation of vertebral column.
179
What innervates semispinalis?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves.
180
What are the attachments of multifidus?
TPS of vertebrae and posterior aspect of sacrum —> SPs of vertebrae
181
What are the actions of multifidus?
Stabilization of vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column.
182
What innervates multifidus?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves.
183
What are the types of rotatores?
Rotatores brevis (spans 1 segment) and rotatores longus (spans 2 segments).
184
What are the attachments of rotatores?
TPs of vertebrae → SP of vertebrae 1–2 segments above.
185
What are the actions of rotatores?
Stabilization of vertebrae, proprioception, and assist with rotation of vertebral column.
186
What innervates rotatores?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves.
187
What muscles make up the minor deep layer of the back?
Interspinales, intertransversarii, and levatores costarum.
188
What are the attachments of interspinales?
SPs of vertebrae —> SP of superior vertebrae
189
What are the actions of interspinales?
Aid in extension of vertebral column.
190
What are the attachments of intertransversarii?
Between TPs of adjacent vertebrae.
191
What are the actions of intertransversarii?
Aid in lateral flexion of vertebral column.
192
What are the attachments of levatores costarum?
TPs of C7–T11 → rib between tubercle and angle (inferior).
193
What are the actions of levatores costarum?
Elevate ribs, assisting with respiration
194
What innervates the minor deep back muscles?
Posterior and anterior rami of spinal nerves.
195
Front
Back
196
What is the pathway of the musculocutaneous nerve through the upper limb?
Origin: Lateral cord (C5–C7); Pierces coracobrachialis; Travels between biceps brachii and brachialis; Becomes lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm; Motor: biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis; Sensory: lateral forearm.
197
What is the pathway of the axillary nerve?
Origin: Posterior cord (C5–C6); Passes through quadrangular space (teres minor/major, long head of triceps, humerus); Winds around surgical neck of humerus; Motor: deltoid, teres minor; Sensory: lateral shoulder.
198
Describe the radial nerve’s pathway from the brachial plexus to the hand.
Origin: Posterior cord (C5–T1); Travels posteriorly in radial groove with deep brachial artery; Supplies triceps and anconeus; Crosses anterior to lateral epicondyle; Divides into deep (motor) and superficial (sensory) branches; Sensory: posterior arm, forearm, dorsolateral hand.
199
What is the course of the median nerve through the arm, forearm, and hand?
Origin: From lateral and medial cords (C5–T1); Travels with brachial artery (lateral then medial at elbow); Enters forearm via cubital fossa between heads of pronator teres; Runs under flexor digitorum superficialis; Enters hand via carpal tunnel; Motor: anterior forearm (except FCU, medial FDP), thenar; Sensory: lateral palm, digits 1–3½.
200
Trace the pathway of the ulnar nerve through the upper limb.
Origin: Medial cord (C8–T1); Runs down medial arm; Passes posterior to medial epicondyle; Descends under flexor carpi ulnaris; Enters hand via Guyon’s canal; Motor: FCU, medial FDP, most hand muscles; Sensory: medial 1½ fingers and palm.
201
What is the dorsal scapular nerve’s route and target muscles?
Origin: C5 root; Pierces middle scalene; Runs deep to levator scapulae and rhomboids; Motor: levator scapulae, rhomboid major & minor.
202
Describe the long thoracic nerve pathway.
Origin: Roots of C5–C7; Descends on lateral thoracic wall; Lies on superficial surface of serratus anterior; Motor: serratus anterior.
203
What path does the suprascapular nerve take from the plexus to its target muscles?
Origin: Upper trunk (C5–C6); Passes through suprascapular notch under transverse scapular ligament; Supplies supraspinatus and infraspinatus; Motor only.
204
Which nerves of the upper limb originate from each level of the brachial plexus?
Roots: Dorsal scapular (C5), Long thoracic (C5–C7); Trunks: Suprascapular (C5–C6); Cords: Lateral → Musculocutaneous & Median, Posterior → Axillary & Radial, Medial → Ulnar & Median.
205
Front
Back
206
What is the pathway of the musculocutaneous nerve through the upper limb?
Origin: Lateral cord (C5–C7); Pierces coracobrachialis; Travels between biceps brachii and brachialis; Becomes lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm; Motor: biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis; Sensory: lateral forearm.
207
What is the pathway of the axillary nerve?
Origin: Posterior cord (C5–C6); Passes through quadrangular space (teres minor/major, long head of triceps, humerus); Winds around surgical neck of humerus; Motor: deltoid, teres minor; Sensory: lateral shoulder.
208
Describe the radial nerve’s pathway from the brachial plexus to the hand.
Origin: Posterior cord (C5–T1); Travels posteriorly in radial groove with deep brachial artery; Supplies triceps and anconeus; Crosses anterior to lateral epicondyle; Divides into deep (motor) and superficial (sensory) branches; Sensory: posterior arm, forearm, dorsolateral hand.
209
What is the course of the median nerve through the arm, forearm, and hand?
Origin: From lateral and medial cords (C5–T1); Travels with brachial artery (lateral then medial at elbow); Enters forearm via cubital fossa between heads of pronator teres; Runs under flexor digitorum superficialis; Enters hand via carpal tunnel; Motor: anterior forearm (except FCU, medial FDP), thenar; Sensory: lateral palm, digits 1–3½.
210
Trace the pathway of the ulnar nerve through the upper limb.
Origin: Medial cord (C8–T1); Runs down medial arm; Passes posterior to medial epicondyle; Descends under flexor carpi ulnaris; Enters hand via Guyon’s canal; Motor: FCU, medial FDP, most hand muscles; Sensory: medial 1½ fingers and palm.
211
What is the dorsal scapular nerve’s route and target muscles?
Origin: C5 root; Pierces middle scalene; Runs deep to levator scapulae and rhomboids; Motor: levator scapulae, rhomboid major & minor.
212
Describe the long thoracic nerve pathway.
Origin: Roots of C5–C7; Descends on lateral thoracic wall; Lies on superficial surface of serratus anterior; Motor: serratus anterior.
213
What path does the suprascapular nerve take from the plexus to its target muscles?
Origin: Upper trunk (C5–C6); Passes through suprascapular notch under transverse scapular ligament; Supplies supraspinatus and infraspinatus; Motor only.
214
Which nerves of the upper limb originate from each level of the brachial plexus?
Roots: Dorsal scapular (C5), Long thoracic (C5–C7); Trunks: Suprascapular (C5–C6); Cords: Lateral → Musculocutaneous & Median, Posterior → Axillary & Radial, Medial → Ulnar & Median.
KNES SEM 1 First Year
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