1
Q
What was the Robbers cave study?
A
- Summer camp
- 2 groups of boys aged 11-12
- First week, groups separated and given incentives
- Second week had contact through competition and conflict, became very hostile
- Reduced hostility by setting common goals for both groups, causing cooperation, reducing inter-group conflict
2
Q
What are negative inter-group relations?
A
- Group antagonism
- Neg attitudes and behaviours towards members of another group
3
Q
What are the components of negative intergroup relations?
A
- Cognitive: Stereotypes (schema), someone to activate the label with attributes attached (pos/neg)
- Affective: Prejudice (Attitudes), readiness to discriminate against a group
- Behavioural: Discrimination
4
Q
What are stereotypes?
A
- Beliefs about typical characteristics of members of a group or social category
- Overemphasise attributes
- Underestimate variability within group
- More likely to be used when info is ambiguous/inadequate
- Viewing a person with their group membership, especially when there is a juxtaposition between our groups
5
Q
How is this seen in Kunda&William’s study?
A
- Ppts given story about either housewife/construction worker
- Given a low aggression, high aggression and ambiguous situation.
- Trend is the same for aggressive situation, but in the ambiguous one, people went with stereotypes and infer the aggression levels
- ConWorker was a lot higher on the aggression scale than the Housewife
5
Q
What is prejudice?
A
- Affective response towards a group or its members
- Evaluative (pos/neg)
- Based on a prejudgement without knowing the individual
- Often negative
- High prejudiced people are more negative to members of the target group, and will endorse more stereotypes. They rationalise their decisions through hard to dispute ways
6
Q
What is discrimination?
A
- Neg behaviour towards indivduals based on group membership
- Refusing members of a group access to desired resources
- Blatant: historic examples
- Subtle: sexist jokes
- Occurs when situation is ambiguous
7
Q
How was discrimination seen in a study?
A
- Ppts put in booths to communicate, they had to do a task and then talk.
- 2 conditions: One ppt with a group of confederates. The other only contained one confederate and one ppt
- Confeds were either black or white
- When confed signalled medical emergency, everyone helps in alone condition
- With others, when confed was black, help drops
- Other people who can take responsibility, but are not, so ppt does not either.
- Was an ambiguous situation, and ppts seek presence of others to get info to ask about situation
8
Q
What are the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?
A
- Damaging for targets
- Attributional uncertainty = Creates tension affecting self-esteem, motivation and performance, Creates resilience against stigma
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Stereotype Threat
9
Q
What is a study showing a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A
- Male students interviewed an attractive/unattractive female via phone
- Photos were unrelated to true looks
- Men behaved more warmly to women they believed to be attractive
- The attractive females were rated as more friendly, likeable and sociable by independent judges
10
Q
What is Stereotype Threat?
A
- Stereotype
- Situation where stereotype may be confirmed
- Experience of threat
- Deterioration of performance
- Stereotype confirmed
11
Q
Study demonstrating Stereotype threat
A
- St1: Women are bad at maths
- St2: Asians are good at maths
- asian women asked to do a maths test
- Before test, either gender or ethnicity was cued
- Performance enhanced when ethnicity cued, and worsened when gender cued
12
Q
What is cognitive Account?
A
- People are perceived as members of groups rather than distinct individuals
- Automatic, unconscious, involuntary
- Salience
- Depends on context
- Simplified and efficient info processing
- Makes stereotypes accessible
13
Q
What was Tajfel’s Experiment on categorisation?
A
- Condition 1: Longer lines were A, shorter were B. Condition 2: Randomisation of length and label of A&B
- Shortest A line was overestimated and vice versa, there is supposed to be a clear boundary
14
Q
What is the motivational account?
A
- Social categorisation & self categorisation: perception of self in group terms
- Social identity: part of identity is derived from group memberships
- Compare groups with ours
- Strive for positive group image
15
Q
What is the economical account?
A
- Society is composed of groups that differ in power
- Dom groups: maintain positions
- Subordinate groups: reduce inequality
- Competition = conflict = prejudice (arises from conflicts over lim resources)
16
Q
How to improve intergroup relations?
A
- Contact: bringing people from diff groups together
17
Q
What are the conditions for intergroup contact?
A
1) Personal interaction: sufficient frequency, duration and closeness
2) Equal status
3) Cooperation for common goal
4) Supportive environment and social norms
18
Q
How to reduce prejudice?
A
- Minimising salience of group membership, decategorising
- Shift attention to alternative group memberships
- Cross-categorisation: categoires that do not make tension
- Recategorisation: Superordinate groups are inclusive
