A&P > Lab - Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Lab - Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.

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2
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Abdominal - Located below the ribs and above the hips

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3
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Acromial - Point of the shoulder

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4
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Antebrachial - forearm

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5
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Antecubital - anterior surface of the elbow

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6
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Axillary - armpit

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7
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Brachial - Arm (upper portion of the upper limb)

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8
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Buccal - Cheek

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9
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Calcaneal - heel of foot

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10
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Carpal - wrist

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11
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Cephalic - Head

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12
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Cervical - neck

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13
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Coxal - Hip

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14
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Crural - Leg

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15
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Digital - Fingers or toes

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16
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Femoral - thigh

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17
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Fibular (Peroneal) - Side of the leg

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18
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Frontal - Forehead

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19
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Gluteal - Buttocks

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20
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Hallux - Great toe

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21
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Inguinal - Groin

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22
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Lumbar - Lower back

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23
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Mammary - breast

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24
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Manus - hand

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Mental - chin
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Nasal - nose
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Occipital - back of the head
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Olecranal - back of the elbow
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Oral - mouth
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Orbital - Bony eye socket
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Otic - ear
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Palmar - palm of the hand
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Patellar - kneecap
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Pedal - foot
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Pelvic - Pelvis
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Perineal - Between the anus and the external genitalia
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Plantar - Sole of the foot
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Pollex - Thumb
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Popliteal - back of the knee
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Pubic - genital
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Sacral - posterior region between the hip bones
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Scapular - shoulder blade
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Sternal - breastbone
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Sural - calf
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Tarsal - Ankle
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Thoracic - Chest
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Umbilical - naval
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Vertebral - spine
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Superior - above
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Inferior - below
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Anterior - Front
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Posterior - back
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Medial - toward the midline
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Lateral - away from the midline
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Chephalad (cranial) - Toward the head
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Caudal - toward the tail
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Ventral - Belly side
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Dorsal - backside
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Proximal - nearer the trunk or attached end
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Distal - farther from the trunk or point of attachment
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Superficial (External)
Toward or at the body surface
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Deep (internal)
Away from the ody surface
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Median (Midsagittal plan) - runs longitudinally * Divides the body into left and right parts * If equal parts, median/midsagittal * If not euqal parts, sagittal
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Frontal (Coronal) Plane - longitudinal plane that divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse plane - runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. When organs are sectioned along the transverse plane, the sections are commonly called cross sections
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What are the two cavities in the axial region?
Dorsal and Ventral
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What are the cavities of the dorsal body cavity?
Cranial Vertebral
68
What are the of the ventral body cavity?
* Thoracic cavity * Pleural cavity * Pericardial cavity * Abdomino-pelvic cavity * Abdominal cavity * Pelvic cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Dorsal body cavity
70
What is the highlighted cavity?
Cranial cavity
71
What is the highlighted cavity?
Vertebral cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Ventral body cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Thoracic cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Pleural cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Pericardial cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Abdominal cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Pelvic cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Oral cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Nasal cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Orbital cavity
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What is the highlighted cavity?
Middle ear cavity
82
What is a synovial cavity?
A joint cavity that are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely moveable joints of the body (knee, hip, and between vertebra)
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Adrenal gland
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Aortic arch
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Brain
86
What is the organ that is highlighted?
Diaphragm
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Esophagus
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Heart
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Inferior vena cava
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Kidneys
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Large intestine
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Liver
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Lungs
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Mesentery
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Pancreas
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Small intestine
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Spleen
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Stomach
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Thyroid gland
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
Trachea
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What is the organ that is highlighted?
What is the organ that is highlighted?
102
What is the organ that is highlighted?
Urinary bladder
103
What organ system has the following major organs? Skin, hair, and nails; cutaneous sense organs and glands
Integumentary
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What is the function of the Integumentary system?
* Protects deeper organs from mechanical, chemical, and bacterial injury, and from drying out * Excretes salts and urea * Aids in regulation of body temperature * Produces vitamin D
105
What organ system has the following major organs? Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints
Skeletal system
106
What is the function of the skeletal system?
* Body support and protection of internal orans * Provides levers for muscular action * Cavities provide a site for blood cell formation * Bones store minerals
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What organ system has the following major organs? Muscules attached tot he skeleton
Muscular
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What is the function of the muscular system?
* Primary function is to contract or shorten; in doing so, skeletal muscles allow locomotion (running, walking etc.), grasping and manipulation of the environment, and facial expression * Generates heat
109
What organ system has the following major organs? Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
The nervous system
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What is the function of the nervous system?
* Allows body to detect changes in its internal and external environment and to respond to such information by activating appropriate muscles or glands * Helps maintain homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals
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What organ system has the following major organs? Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes, and pancreas
Endocrine system
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What is the function of the endocrine system?
* Helps maintain body homeostasis, promotes growth and development; produces chemical messengers called hormones that travel in the blood to exert their effect(s) on various target organs of the body
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What organ system has the following major organs? Heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular
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What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
* Ptimstily a transport system that carries blood containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ions hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made; blood is propelled through the blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart * Antibodies and other protein molecules in the blood protect the body
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What organ system has the following major organs? Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus
Lymphatic system
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What is the function of the lymphatic system?
* Picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood * Cleanses the blood of pathogens and other debris * Houses hymphcytes that act via the immune response to protect the body from foreign substances
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What organ system has the following major organs? Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Respiratory system
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What is the function of the respiratory system?
* Keeps the blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide * Contributes to the acid-base balance of the blood
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What organ system has the following major organs? Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and accessory structures including teeth, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
Digestive system
120
What is the function of the digestive system?
* Breaks down ingested food to smaller particles, which can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the body cells * Undigested residue removed from the body as feces
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What organ system has the following major organs? Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Urinary system
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What is the function of the urinary system?
* Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes including urea, uric acid, and ammonia, which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleid acids * Maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
123
What organ system has the following major organs? Male: testes, prostate gland, scotum, penis, and duct system, which carries sperm to the body exterior Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina
Reproductive System
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What is the function of the reproductive system?
* Male: provides gametes called sperm for perpetuation of the species * Female: provides gametes called eggs; the uterus houses the developing fetus until birth; mammary glands provide nutrition for the infant
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What are the four primary tissue types?
1. Epithelium 2. Connective 3. Nervous 4. Muscle
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What is the definition of an organ?
A structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
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What is an organ system?
Is a group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function
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What is homeostasis?
Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
129
What is the microscope base?
The bottom part of the microscope. Provides a sturdy flat surface to support and steady the miscroscope.
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What is the substage light on a microscope?
Located in the base. The light from the lamp passes directly upward through the microscope
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What is the light control on a microscope?
Located on the base or arm. This dial allows you to adjust the intensity of the light passing through the specimen.
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What is the stage of the microscope?
The platform that the slide rests on while being viewed. The stage has a hole in it to allow light to pass through the stage and through the specimen.
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Mechanical stage
Holds the slide in position for viewing and has two adjustable knobs that control the precise movement of the slide.
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What is a condenser on a microscope?
Small nonmagnifying lens located beneath the stage that concentrates the light on the specimen. The condenser may have a knob that raises and lowers the condenser to vary the light deliver. Generally, the best position is close to the inferior surface of the stage.
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What is the iris diaphragm leverl on a microscope?
The iris diaphragm is a shitter within the condenser that can be controlled by a lever to adjust the amount of light passing through the condenser. The lever can be moved to close the diaphragm and improve contrast. If your field of view is too dark, you can open the diaphragm to let in more light.
136
What is the coarse adjustment knob on a microscope?
This knob allows you to make large adjustments to the height of the stage to initially focus your specimen
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What is the fine adjustment knob?
This knob is used for precise focusing once the initial coarse focusing has been completed.
138
What is the head of a microscope?
Attaches to the nosepiece to support the objective lens system. It also provides for attachement of the eyepieces which house the ocular lenses.
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What is the arm of a microscope?
Vertical portion of the microscope that connects the base and the head?
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What is the nosepiece of the microscope?
Rotating mechanism connected to the head. Generally, it carries three or four objective lenses and permits positioning of these lenses over the hole in the stage.
141
What is an objective lens on a microscope?
These lenses are attached to the nosepiece. Usually, a compound microscope has four objective lenses: scanning (4x), low-power (10x), high-power (40x), and oil immersion (100x) lenses. Typical magnifying powers for the objectives are listed in parentheses.
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What is the ocular lens(es) of a microscope?
Bionocular microscopes will have two lenses located in the eyepieces at the superior end of the head. Most ocular lenses have a magnification power of 10x. Some micrscopes will have a pointer and/or reticle (micrometer), which can be positioned by rotating the ocular lens.
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Base
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Substage light
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Light control
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Stage
147
What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Mechanical stage
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Condenser
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Iris diaphragm lever
150
What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Coarse adjustment knob
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Fine adjustment knob
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Head
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Arm
154
What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Nosepiece
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Objective Lens
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What is the inidcated portion of the microscope?
Ocular len(es)
157
How should you carry a microscope?
Transport by holding it in an upright position, with one hand on the arm and the other supporting its base.
158
What objective should you start with on a microscope?
Always start with the scanning objective lens
159
What position is the stage of the microscope to start?
As low as possible
160
How do you focus a microscope?
Start with the lowest powered lens, then use the coarse adjustment knob, and then fine focus.
161
How do you determine the magnification of the microscope?
Total magnification is power of the ocular lens multiplied by the power of the objective lens.
162
How do you prepare a wet mount for a microscope?
1. Obtain slide and cover slip, saline, and stain 2. Add a drop of saline to the slide 3. Add specimen to the slide 4. Add a small drop of stain 5. Slowly lower the coverslip on the slide
163
What is the purpose of staining a slide?
To increase the contrast to have a more clear image
164
What is the working distance of a microscope?
The distance between the lens and the stage that allows you to clearly see the object on the slide.
165
What is the field of a microscope?
The amount of the object that is visible on the slide. It decreases with an increase of power.
166
What is total magnification of a microscope?
Equal to the power of the ocular lens multiplied by the power of the objective lends used.
167
What is resolution of a microscope?
The ability to discriminate two close objects as separate. Determined byt he amount and physical properties of the visible light that enters the microscope. In general, the more light that enters, the greater the resolution.
168
What does a ribosome do in a cell?
Tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; floating free or attached to a membranous structure (the rough ER) in the cytoplasm. Actual sites of protein synthesis.
169
What is the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of a cell?
Membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm; two varieties: rough and smooth. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes; tubules of the rough ER provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas. Smooth ER, which has no function in protein synthesis, is a site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification.
170
What is the Golgi apparatus of the cell?
Stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles; found close to the nucleus. Plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomal enzymes
171
What are the lysosomes of the cell?
Various-sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes including acid hydrolases; function to digest worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enters the cell. Have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured and are for this reason referred ti as "suicide sacs"
172
What are the peroxisomes of the cell?
Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and other harmful chemicals. They are particularly abundant in liver and kidney cells.
173
What is the mitochondia of the cell?
Generally rod-shaped bodies with a double-membrane wall; inner membrane is shaped into folds, or cristae; contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP); often referred to as "powerhouses of the cell"
174
What are the centrioles of the cell?
Paired, cylindrical bodies that lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus. Internally, each centriole is composed of nine triplets of microtubules. As part of the centrosome, they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division; form the bases of cilia and flagella and in that role are called basal bodies.
175
What are the cytoskeletal elements (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) of the cell?
Form an internal scaffolding called the cytoskeleton. Provide cellular support; function in intracellular transport. Microfilaments are formed largely of actin, a contractile protein, and thus are important in cell mobility, particularly in muscle cells. Intermediate filaments are stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on cells. Microtubulues form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape.
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