Localisation, blood supply, pain and temp. pathways

Question 1

name of swellings seen on neural tube 4 wpc

Answer 1

3 swellings
presencephalon/ forebrain
mesencephalon/ midbrain
rhombencephalon/ hindbrain

Question 2

swellings seen on neural tube 5 wpc

and what they develop into in the mature brain

Answer 2

5 swellings

prosencephalon divides into telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus etc)

mesencephalon (midbrain)

rhombencephalon divides into the metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and mylencephalon (medulla)

Question 3

there are 31 spinal nerves, 4 main segments plus 1 coccygeal nerve. what are others

Answer 3

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 saccral

Question 4

anatomical features on VENTRAL view of brainstem

Answer 4

midbrain= cerebral peduncles (bundles of WHITE matter which connect the midbrain to rest of brain)

medulla= olives and pyramids

cranial nerves (except 1,2,4)

Question 5

anatomical features of DORSAL view of brainstem

Answer 5

cranial nerve 4

midbrain= superior and inferior colliculi

medulla= open and closed medulla

Question 6

the 4 divisions of the diencephalon/ inner brain are….

Answer 6

thalamus - all grey matter (bundles of nuclei), relay station between parts of CNS

hypothalamus- all grey matter, autonomic and neuro-endocrine functions

epithalamus- pineal gland, melatonin

subthalamus -involved in motor control, not seen in mid-sagittal view

Question 7

functions of frontal/ motor cortex

Answer 7

controls movements

regulates emotions

Question 8

functions of parietal/ sensory cortex

Answer 8

processes sensory information

understanding language

spatial orientation

Question 9

functions of temporal/ auditory cortex

Answer 9

processes auditory information

regulates emotions

Question 10

occipital/visual cortex

Answer 10

processes visual information

Question 11

primary projection areas: sensory pathways terminate …

Answer 11

general sensory pathways terminate in post-central gyrus

visual sensory pathways terminate around the calcarine sulcus of occipital lobe

auditory sensory pathways terminate in the heschl’s gyrus

Question 12

primary protection areas: motor pathways descend from..

Answer 12

the pre-central gyrus, also called the primary motor cortex

Question 13

association areas:

where are secondary sensory areas which will interpret the information from the primary sensory areas

Answer 13

general sensory= on the superior parietal lobe

visual secondary sensory areas are in the pre-striate cortex

auditory= lateral fissure and superior temporal gyrus

Question 14

association areas: where are secondary motor areas which will organise the PATTERN of movements

Answer 14

pre-motor cortex is anterior to the pre-central sulcus on lateral surface

supplementary motor area= anterior to the pre-central sulcus on medial surface

frontal eye field (co-ordinates eye movement) = anterior to pre-motor area

Question 15

which foramina do the 2 arteries supplying brain enter the skull through

Answer 15

vertebral artery = enters via the foramen magnum

carotid artery= enters via the carotid canals

Question 16

3 pairs of cerebral arteries are…

Answer 16

MCA, ACA, PCA

Question 17

3 pairs of cerebellar arteries are…

Answer 17

SCA, AICA, PICA

Question 18

what regions specifically of the cerebrum do the 3 cerebral arteries supply

Answer 18

ACA= superior and medial areas of the frontal/ parietal lobes AND corpus callosum

MCA= lateral areas of the frontal/temporal/ parietal lobes

PCA= inferior and medial surface of temporal lobe AND the occipital lobe

Question 19

striate arteries are a type of perforating artery which supply

Answer 19

deep structures inside the hemisphere:

• deep nuclei
• deep grey mater
• internal capsule
• major descending motor pathway

Question 20

difference between the dura of spinal cord and brain

Answer 20

in brain there is no fluid between the dura mater layers

in spinal cord, the dura is separated from the bony wall of vertebra by EPIDURAL SPACE which is occupied by FAT

Question 21

CN3 is ___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 21

oculomotor

between the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain

Question 22

CN5 is ___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 22

trigeminal

lateral aspect of pons

Question 23

CN6 is ___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 23

abducens
junction between the pons and medulla
CLOSEST to midline

Question 24

CN7 is ___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 24

facial
junction between pons and medulla
lateral to CN6

Question 25

CN8 is ___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 25

vestibucochlear
junction between pons and medulla
lateral to 7

Question 26

CN9 is___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 26

glossopharyngeal

emerges from medulla, directly inferior to the CN8

Question 27

CN10 is ___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 27

vagus

emerges from medulla, directly inferior and slightly lateral to CN9

Question 28

CN11 is ___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 28

accessory
emerges from medulla (it is very long)
inferior and slightly lateral to CN10

Question 29

CN12 is ___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 29

hypoglossal

emerges from junction between the pyramid and olive structures of medulla

Question 30

CN4 is ___ and emerges from ___ on the brainstem

Answer 30

trochlear nerve
emerges from the DORSAL aspect of the MIDBRAIN
arises from below the inferior colliculi