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MSK > Lower Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of the lower limb?

A

Locomotion
Support
Balance

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2
Q

What are the 6 regions of the lower limb?

A 
Gluteal 
Femoral
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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3
Q

What four bones make up the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Sacrum

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4
Q

What is the position of the ilium?

A

Links to the sacrum and extends down to the top of the acetabulum.

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5
Q

What is the position of the ischium?

A

Forms the posterior inferior part of the pelvis. Links with the pubis to make the obturator foramen.

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6
Q

What is the position of the pubis?

A

Forms the anterior inferior part of the pelvis. Links with the pubis to make the obturator foramen. Each side is linked by the pubic symphysis.

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7
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

The dip into which the head of the femur slots.

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8
Q

Name six points of interest on the ilium.

A 
Iliac fossa
Iliac crest
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
Wing of ilium
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9
Q

Name three points of interest on the pubis.

A

Pubic crest
Pubic tubercle
Pubic body

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10
Q

What links pubic bones?

A

Pubic Symphysis

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11
Q

What are the two foramen in the pelvis called?

A

Pelvic cavity

Obturator foramen

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12
Q

From what levels does the sciatic nerve arise?

A

L4-S3

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13
Q

What does the sciatic nerve branch into?

A

Tibial and Common Fibular Nerves

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14
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Posterior thigh, all leg and foot.

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15
Q

What are the four bones found in the thigh and leg regions?

A

Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula

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16
Q

Name eight major features of the femur.

A 
Head
Greater Trochanter
Lesser Trochanter
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle 
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Adductor tubercle
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17
Q

Name five major features of the tibia.

A 
Lateral Tibial condyle
Medial tibial condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Tuberosity
Medial malleolus
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18
Q

Name one major feature of the fibula.

A

Lateral malleolus

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19
Q

What is a condyle?

A

Part of a bone that articulates

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20
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

A bone protrusion that is above the condyle.

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21
Q

What two bones make up the hip joint?

A

Femur and pelvis

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22
Q

What three ligaments encapsule the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament

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23
Q

What arteries supply the hip joint?

A

Lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries

Acetabular branch of the obturator artery

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24
Q

Where do the circumflex femoral arteries arise from?

A

Deep femoral artery

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25
Q

Where does the deep femoral artery arise from?

A

Common femoral artery

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26
Q

Where does the common femoral artery arise from?

A

Extension of external iliac artery when it passes through the inguinal ligament.

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27
Q

Where does the acetabular branch of the obturator artery arise from?

A

Obturator artery

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28
Q

Where does the obturator artery arise from?

A

Internal iliac artery

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29
Q

What part of the femur does the acetabular branch supply?

A

Right into the apex of the head.

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30
Q

What seven movements can the hip make?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Circumduction
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31
Q

Where do nerves enter and exit the pelvis to/from the thigh?

A

Greater and lesser sciatic foramen.

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32
Q

What separates the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament.

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33
Q

What are the two layers of muscle found in the gluteal region?

A

Deep and superficial.

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34
Q

What movements do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region do?

A

Extension, abduction and medial rotation of thigh.

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35
Q

What four muscles make up the superficial muscles of

the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

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36
Q

What nerves supply the superficial muscles of

the gluteal region?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve (G. Maximus)

Superior gluteal nerve (all others)

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37
Q

Give the main role of each superficial muscles of

the gluteal region.

A

G. Maximus- Hip extension
G. Medius and G. Minimus- Medial rotation
Tensor Fascia Latae- Abduction

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38
Q

What movements do the deep muscles of the gluteal region do?

A

Lateral rotation and hip stabilization

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39
Q

What four muscles make up the deep muscles of

the gluteal region?

A

Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
Gemelli (superior and inferior)
Piriformis

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40
Q

What nerves supply the deep muscles of

the gluteal region?

A

Sacral plexus

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41
Q

Give the main role of each deep muscles of

the gluteal region.

A

All lateral rotation

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42
Q

What happens if you have a damaged superior gluteal nerve?

A

Trandelenberg gait

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43
Q

What is a Trandelenberg gait?

A

Weak abduction preventing stabilization gives lurching movement.

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44
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvis?

A

Greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis

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45
Q

What two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial and common fibular nerves

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46
Q

What runs through the femoral triangle?

A 
Femoral nerve 
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
NAVY
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47
Q

What is the superior border of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

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48
Q

What is the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor longus

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49
Q

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

Sartorius

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50
Q

Mnemonic for femoral triangle borders

A

I add salt

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51
Q

Mnemonic for contents of femoral triangle

A

NAVY

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52
Q

What is the roof of the femoral triangle?

A

Deep fascia

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53
Q

What is the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Iliopsoas and pectineus muscles

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54
Q

How many compartments does the thigh have?

A

3

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55
Q

What are the three compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior, medial and posterior

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56
Q

What groups of muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extensors of hip and flexors of knee (hamstrings)

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57
Q

What muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh/hamstrings?

A

Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus

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58
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve

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59
Q

Why is the semimembranosus called so?

A

Because it has a flat tendon of origin

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60
Q

Why is the semitendinosus called so?

A

Because it has a long tendon of insertion

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61
Q

What groups of muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Hip flexors and knee extensors

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62
Q

What are the four hip flexors?

A

Pectineus
Sartorius
Iliopsoas (psoas major/minor and iliacus)
Rectus femoris

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63
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve except for psoas major (L1-3)

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64
Q

What is the tailor’s muscle?

A

Sartorius

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65
Q

Which is the strongest hip flexor?

A

Iliopsoas

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66
Q

Which is the strongest hip extensor?

A

Gluteus maximus

67
Q

What group of muscles are found in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Hip adducters

68
Q

What muscles make up the hip adductors?

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Obturator externus
Gracilis
69
Q

What nerve supplies the hip adductors/medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

70
Q

Name the four hip extensors and give their compartment and nerve.

A

G. Maximus- Gluteal region. Inferior gluteal N
Semimembranosus- Posterior thigh. Tibial division
Biceps femoris- Posterior thigh. Tibial division
Semitendinosus- Posterior thigh. Tibial division

71
Q

Name the two hip medial rotators and give their compartment and nerve.

A

G. Medius- Gluteal. Superior gluteal N

G. Minus- Gluteal. Superior gluteal N

72
Q

Name the one hip abductor and give its compartment and nerve.

A

Tensor fascia latae- Gluteal. Superior gluteal N

73
Q

Name the four hip lateral rotators and give their compartment and nerve.

A

Obturator internus- Deep gluteal. Sacral plexus.
Quadratus femoris- Deep gluteal. Sacral plexus.
Gemelli- Deep gluteal. Sacral plexus.
Piriformis- Deep gluteal. Sacral plexus.

74
Q

Name the four hip flexors and give their compartment and nerve.

A

Pectineus- Anterior thigh. Femoral nerve
Sartorius- Anterior thigh. Femoral nerve.
Iliopsoas- Anterior thigh. Femoral nerve.
Rectus femoris- Anterior thigh. Femoral nerve.

75
Q

Name the five hip adductors and give their compartment and nerve.

A

Adductor longus- Medial thigh. Obturator nerve.
Adductor brevis- Medial thigh. Obturator nerve.
Adductor magnus- Medial thigh. Obturator nerve.
Gracilis- Medial thigh. Obturator nerve.
Obturator externus- Medial thigh. Obturator nerve.

76
Q

Mnemonic for deep muscles of gluteal region.

A

Oh Quick Get Pie

77
Q

Mnemonic for anterior compartment of thigh hip flexors

A

Please Sir I Run

78
Q

Mnemonic for medial compartment of thigh

A

AAA GO

79
Q

What nerve/s supply the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves

80
Q

What nerve/s supply the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Sacral plexus

81
Q

What nerve/s supply the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve

82
Q

What nerve/s supply the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve and L1-3

83
Q

What nerve/s supply the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve.

84
Q

What are the five main ligaments involved with the knee joint?

A 
Lateral collateral 
Medial collateral 
Anterior cruciate 
Posterior cruciate 
Patella ligament
85
Q

What does the lateral cruciate look like in cross section?

A

Cylindrical

86
Q

What does the medial cruciate look like in cross section?

A

Sheet

87
Q

What does the anterior cruciate do?

A

Stops the tibia from moving anteriorly to the femur.

88
Q

What does the posterior cruciate do?

A

Stops the tibia from moving posteriorly to the femur.

89
Q

What are the two joints involved in the knee?

A

2x tibiofemoral

1x patellofemoral

90
Q

What are menisci?

A

Triangular pads on the tibia allowing for articulation. Half moon in shape.

91
Q

How many condyles are there on the femur?

A

Two: lateral and medial

92
Q

What is genu varum?

A

Increased lateral angle in the knee giving bow legs

93
Q

What is genu valgum?

A

Increased medial angle in the knee giving knock knees

94
Q

What are the two ligaments/tendons that attach to the patella?

A

Patella ligament inferior

Quadriceps ligament superior

95
Q

What two movements are possible at the knee joint?

A

Flexion

Extension

96
Q

What muscles are responsible for flexion of the knee?

A

Hamstrings:
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus

97
Q

Where are the knee flexors found?

A

Posterior compartment of thigh.

98
Q

What other movement do knee flexors do?

A

Hip extension

99
Q

What muscles are responsible for knee extension?

A 
Quadriceps:
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
100
Q

Where are the quadriceps/knee extensors found?

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh

101
Q

What nerve supplies the leg extensors?

A

Femoral nerve

102
Q

Nerve, function and muscles of thigh anterior compartment.

A 
All femoral nerve unless stated
Leg extensors:
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Hip flexors:
Pectineus
Sartorius
Iliopsoas- L1-3 for psoas major
Rectus femoris
103
Q

Nerve, function and muscles of thigh posterior compartment.

A 
TIbial division of sciatic nerve. 
Flexors of leg and extensors of hip:
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
104
Q

Nerve, function and muscles of thigh medial compartment.

A 
Obturator nerve. 
Adductors of hip:
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
105
Q

Name the bones of the foot.

A 
Talus
Calcaneus 
Navicular
Cuboidal
M, I and L Cuneiform
Metatarsals 
Proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges
106
Q

What bone of the foot articulates with the tibia and fibula

A

Talus

107
Q

What bone of the foot forms the heel?

A

Calcaneus

108
Q

What bones make up the hindfoot?

A

Talus and calcaneus

109
Q

What bones make up the midfoot?

A

Navicular, cuboidal and cuneiforms

110
Q

Where is the navicular bone found in the midfoot?

A

Posterior medial where it articulates with the hindfoot.

111
Q

Where is the cuboidal bone found in the midfoot?

A

Posterior lateral and inferior to navicular where it articulates with calcaneus.

112
Q

Where are the cuneiform bones found in the midfoot?

A

Anterior medial. Medial to cuboidal and anterior to navicular.

113
Q

What bones make up the forefoot?

A

Metatarsals, proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges.

114
Q

What are the four major joints in the foot?

A

Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints

115
Q

How many arches are there in the foot?

A

Three

116
Q

Name the three arches of the foot?

A

Medial longitudinal
Lateral longitudinal
Transverse

117
Q

What function do the arches of the foot play?

A

Shock absorption
Push off spring (think kangaroos)
Weight distrabution

118
Q

What supports the arches of the foot?

A

Planter aponeurosis
Muscles of the foot
Tendons from the leg
Ligaments of the foot

119
Q

How many muscles are found in the foot?

A

20

120
Q

How are the muscles of the foot distributed and what is their function?

A

11 sole muscles- flexion of toe
7 interossei muscles- ab/adduction of toe
2 dorsal muscles- extensors of toe

121
Q

What are the three main arteries of the foot and where do they arise from?

A

Dorsalis pedis- anterior tibial

Later and medial plantar- posterior tibial

122
Q

What vessel do all arteries in the leg ultimately arise from?

A

External iliac artery

123
Q

Where does the external iliac artery become the common femoral artery?

A

When it crosses the inguinal ligamnet

124
Q

From where does the common femoral artery arise?

A

External iliac artery

125
Q

What does the common femoral artery branch into?

A

Deep (profunda) femoral artery

Femoral artery

126
Q

Where does the deep femoral artery terminate?

A

Along the thigh

127
Q

What does the femoral artery become?

A

Popliteal artery

128
Q

What does the popliteal artery branch into?

A

Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
Fibular artery

129
Q

Is the fibular artery anterior or posterior?

A

Posterior

130
Q

What major artery of the foot does the anterior tibial artery give rise to?

A

Dorsalis pedis

131
Q

What major arteries of the foot does the posterior tibial artery give rise to?

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries.

132
Q

Describe the artery flow through the lower limb.

A

External iliac, common femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial + fibular, dorsalis pedis, medial and lateral plantar.

133
Q

Where does all lymphatics from the lower limb drain?

A

Deep inguinal lymph nodes.

134
Q

What are the two major superficial veins found in the leg?

A

Greater and lesser saphenous

135
Q

What do the deep veins of the leg drain into?

A

Popliteal vein -> Femoral vein -> External iliac vein

136
Q

How many nerves enter the lower limb?

A

Three

137
Q

What are the three nerves that enter the lower limb and what levels do they originate from?

A

Femoral nerve- L2,3,4
Obturator nerve- L2,3,4
Sciatic nerve- L4-S3

138
Q

What areas does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Anterior thigh

139
Q

What areas does the obturator nerve supply?

A

Medial thigh

140
Q

What areas does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Gluteal, posterior thigh, leg and foot

141
Q

What does the sciatic nerve branch into?

A

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

142
Q

What does the tibial nerve supply?

A

Posterior leg and plantar of foot

143
Q

What does the common fibular nerve branch into?

A

Deep and superficial fibular nerve

144
Q

What does the deep fibular nerve supply?

A

Anterior compartment of the leg

145
Q

What does the superficial fibular nerve supply?

A

Lateral compartment of the leg

146
Q

How many compartments are found in the leg?

A

Three

147
Q

What are the three compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

148
Q

How many groups of muscles are there in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Two:
Deep
Superficial

149
Q

What are the three superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg, what are they innervated by and what is their function?

A

Plantaris- Tibial nerve. Plantarflexion
Gastrocnemius- Tibial nerve. Plantarflexion
Soleus-Tibial nerve. Plantarflexion

150
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

151
Q

What is the function of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Plantarflexion

152
Q

Mnemonic for superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Please Get Salt

153
Q

What are the four deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg, what are they innervated by and what is their function?

A

Popliteus- Tibial N. Flexor of toe and plantarflexion
Flexor Hallucis Longus- Tibial N. Flexor of toe and plantarflexion
Tibial posterior- Tibial N. Flexor of toe and plantarflexion
FLexor Digitorum Longus- Tibial N. Flexor of toe and plantarflexion

154
Q

What is the function of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Flexors of toe and plantarflexion

155
Q

Mnemonic for deep muscles of posterior compartment of leg?

A

Please Fly To Finland

156
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexion and extension of toes

157
Q

What are the four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg, what are they innervated by and what is their function?

A 
Tibialis Anterior
Fibularis tertius
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Longus
All deep fibular nerve and dorsiflexion and extension of toes.
158
Q

Mnemonic for muscles of anterior compartment of leg?

A

To Fly Eat Elephants

159
Q

How many muscles are found in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

2

160
Q

What are the two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg, that are they innervated by and what is their function?

A

Fibularis longus- Superficial fibular nerve and eversion of foot
Fibularis brevis- Superficial fibular nerve and eversion of foot

161
Q

What nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial Fibular Nerve

162
Q

What is the function of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Eversion of foot

163
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

MSK (17 decks)

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