Lymphatic

Question 1

1. What are parts of the upper airway?

2. What are parts of the lower airway?

Answer 1

1. nasal cavity, oral cavity, sinuses, pharynx

2. Larynx, trachea, lungs

Question 2

3. What is mucosa?

Respiratory mucosa?

Answer 2

3. a mucous membrane

Respiratory mucosa- epithelium plus underlying areolar connective tissue

Question 3

4. What is the purpose of Areolar connective tissue?

4. 5 What is lamina propria?

Answer 3

•Areolar connective tissue = lamina propria= the underlying layer of areolar connective tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium

Question 4

5. How does the respiratory system deal with airborne pathogens?

Answer 4

• Mucous produced by goblet cells and mucous glands
• Ciliated epithelium
• Alveolar macrophages

Question 5

6. What is the purpose of nasal and oral cavities?

Answer 5

Allow air flow

Question 6

6. 5 What is the Pharynx?
7. 6 can the pharynx change shape?
8. 7 The pharynx contains how many constrictor muscles?

Answer 6

Pharynx -A muscular tube shared by respiratory and digestive systems

6. 6 Yes it contracts
7. 7 four

Question 7

7 What is the purpose of the Laryngeal system?

7.5 What is phonation?

Answer 7

It’s the voicebox
It allows Phonation(sound production)
prevents contamination of the lower airway by ingested food/drink(epiglottis)

•Phonation (sound production) is controlled by intrinsic muscles that move the laryngeal cartilages

Question 8

8 What is the purpose of serous membranes?

8. 5 What are some examples of serous membranes?
9. 6 What three parts do serous membranes consist of?

Answer 8

•Serous membranes are two-layered membranes that promote effortless movement or reduce friction that would otherwise be associated with that movement

8.5 Examples: pericardium of heart and pleura of lungs

8.6 •Visceral layer
•Parietal layer
•Pleural Cavity

Question 9

•Decreased partial pressure of O2 and increased partial pressure of CO2 at the tissue level, causes _____ O2 to be delivered. more/less

Answer 9

more

Question 10

Increased PCO2 in the lungs causes smooth muscle in bronchioles to relax and lumen to dilate, this will increase or decrease airflow

Answer 10

increase airflow

Question 11

What are the respiratory centers of the medulla.

Answer 11

• Ventral Respiratory Groups (VRG):

* Dorsal Respiratory Groups (DRG):

Question 12

•Ventral Respiratory Groups (VRG)

Answer 12

only functions during active breathing (exercise and stress); associated primarily with expiration; also responsible for very active inspiration like gasping

Question 13

•Dorsal Respiratory Groups (DRG):

Answer 13

•Dorsal Respiratory Groups (DRG): responsible for quiet or active inspirations, ad control over the basic rhythm of breathing

•Neurons in both groups control muscles responsible for inspiration and expiration
Ventral respiration and dorsal respiration cycle into each other

Question 14

Respiratory centres in the pons

Apneustic centers

Pneumotaxic centers

Vagus nerve

Answer 14

• Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers regulate the depth and rate of respiration
• Apneustic centers stimulate the inspiratory neurons of the VRG and DRG; overstimulation causes gasping (apneustic breathing)
• Pneumotaxic centers inhibit the inspiratory centers to allow the switch to expiration; increased signaling increases respiration rate, while decreased signaling allows an increase in tidal volume.
• Higher brain centers and the Vagus nerve help control activity of these centers to control rate and depth of respiration

Question 15

What is the difference between DRG and VRG (medulla) vs. the Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers (pons)

Answer 15

Summary
•DRG and VRG (medulla) set the baseline depth and rate of respiration
•Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers (pons) can modify that baseline

Question 16

What is the difference between pharynx and larynx?

Answer 16

Pharynx- separates respiratory and digestive system (upper)

Larynx- voice-box (lower)