Midterm 1

Question 1

3 ethics pillars

Answer 1

• confidentiality
• informed consent
• right to withdraw

Question 2

Elements of consent form

Answer 2

• Nature of research
• activities
• time duration
• identity of researcher + contact info
• risks
• voluntary
• can withdraw
• access to more info
• sign to indicate agreement

Question 3

Qual research

Answer 3

Understand human action through systematic study & analysis

Question 4

Article 3.7

Answer 4

Alter consent requirements:

• minimal risk
• impossible to do research w consent
• unlikely to affect welfare
• alteration defined
• debriefing afterward w participant

Question 5

Types of deception

Answer 5

• not told participating in study
• misled about purpose of study
• not aware of correct identity of researcher

Question 6

Ethics checklist

Answer 6

• How to explain purpose of inquiry/methods
• why should researched participate in project
• in what ways will research do harm
• confidentiality
• informed consent
• who will access data
• how hard will u push for data
• what ethical framework informs your work & ensures sensitivity beyond what is required by law

Question 7

Field research

Answer 7

Systematic study of ordinary activities in settings they occur

Goal: to understand these activities & what they mean

How: listen, interact, observe to collect data

Question 8

Research process
For qual, start at step 4 but then go back
Step 3 is important

Answer 8

1. Identify problem
2. Think about cause of prob
3. Define concepts
4. Go to field
5. Reflect on theory
6. Publicize results
7. Replicate results

Question 9

Building literature in Qual research

Answer 9

If non statistically significant, will publish anyway

Question 10

Considerations when selecting research topic

Answer 10

Practicality - time & interpersonal set (status may affect access)

Accessibility - open vs closed space

Familiar vs unfamiliar research topics

Question 11

3 Sampling Methods Qual

Answer 11

Purposive
-pre selected criteria relevant to research Q — if answer pops up x number of times, you have reached theoretical saturation point & may stop

Quota
-how many ppl with what characteristics to include such as membership surveys

Snowball
-access hidden populations through social networks

Question 12

Difficulties with Field Research

Answer 12

Entry
Gatekeepers
Informed consent
Field relationships

Question 13

Paradigm

Answer 13

Basic set of belief that guides actions
Guides field research
Inherent belief about how works works

Question 14

1. Post positivist paradigm
2. Interpretive paradigm
3. Critical paradigm

Answer 14

1. Quan techniques but use some qual to seek understanding
2. Understand personal experiences, samples & seek meaning
3. Critical of what it studies - personal experiences

Question 15

Interviews

Answer 15

Issue-oriented
Usually 1 session
Focus on specific topic
Goal: gain rich qual data on topic researching from ppl who are expects on the topic

Question 16

3 types of interview

Answer 16

Unstructured
-go out in field with topic, ask 1 or 2 short Q’s, informed consent form

Structured
-standardized, follow Q’s exactly & don’t include ur opinion

Semi-structured
-flexibility while maintaining some structure of interview process

Question 17

Before interview
During
End

Answer 17

• get Q’s together & goal
• rapport, fluid w interview guide, markers & probes, notes on everything
• leave after, be thankful for their time

Question 18

Interview guide

Answer 18

Sets out Q’s or themes to cover – greeting, prompt, questions & conclusion

Question 19

Focus group

Answer 19

Multiple ppl interviewed together ( no more than 12)
Moderator asks & gets ind answers around table
Monitor push or pull of convo & group interaction

Question 20

Analyzing focus group data

Answer 20

Individual level
-pull out quotes, probes & markers

Group level

• group narrative, key parts of discussion, reactions, interaction
• ask rowdy/interruptive participants to leave

Question 21

Ethnography

Answer 21

Holistic understanding of how individuals in different cultures & sub cultures make sense of their reality

Field notes, interviews, forms

Understand sub-populations, gov, institutions

Question 22

When is ethnography appropriate

Answer 22

• in depth understanding of social context
• particular culture individuals engage in
• particular set of behaviours

Question 23

Positivist theory
Interpretive theory
Critical theory

Answer 23

1. Quan method & semi structure, no observation or ethnography
2. Describe & understand social reality, middle ground, likes ethnography
3. Describe, understand & propose solutions, mixed methods, ethnography + quan

Question 24

Role in setting as ethnographer

Answer 24

Complete participant
Participant as observer
Observer as participant
Complete observer

Question 25

Challenges with Ethnography

Answer 25

``` Access to setting Risk Time ( time consuming) Budget Realistic research Q ```

Question 26

Observational Research

Answer 26

Qual technique done in field Takes place over long time Can be done on its own or with another quan / Qual method

Question 27

When is Observation useful?

Answer 27

Gain info on unaltered behaviour Understanding of culture Study previously un-researched issue Accuracy of reported behaviour

Question 28

Two Types Observational Research

Answer 28

1. Non participant - no interaction or informed consent, observational table, field notes, long time 2. Participant - part of community, can be minimal or extensive(pol sci in middle), memos & jotted notes - allows for greater contextual understanding, greater access, detailed

Question 29

Structured vs Unstructured Observation

Answer 29

Structured -table or checklist, comparative research, quantification Unstructured -detailed field notes, follow events as unfold, go beyond initial variables

Question 30

Methods of Recording Observation

Answer 30

Observation Guide -printed form, comparative Observation Table/Checklist -record behaviour or frequency of it, raw data (like Lab 3) Field Notes - raw notes, date, location - brief description in narrative

Question 31

What to Observe?

Answer 31

From broad (spaces, objects, actors, events, activity) to detailed (gender, age, interaction, race, body language, social status, etc)