What is globalisation?
The process by which finance, goods, people and culture flow freely between countries with few barriers.
What is an economic system?
A means by which governments organise and distribute resources, services and goods across a region or country. This includes capital, people and labour.
What are the 4 types of globalisation?
- Political
- Economic
- Cultural
- Social
What are some key facts to do with the demand for labour and migration?
- The largest labour flows connect neighbouring countries. E.g. USA and Mexico.
- Even though migration has declined between some countries, trade has increased. E.g. India in the UK.
- In 2014, international migration saw 240, million people living in a country they were not born in.
- The number of people migrating internationally has risen rapidly and from 1950 to 2015, the global population grew rapidly from 2.5 billion to 7.3 billion. In the 1990s, international migration occurred mainly to world destinations like New York and Paris. Now, many cities in
developing countries (e.g. Mumbai and Lagos) have become major hubs for migration.
What has led to an increase in migration?
The advancement of transport networks allows people to travel easily to other countries to live, work and visit. Also, a rise in global trading has encouraged a recent rise in international migrants, the highest since the collapse of empires. Most international migration is regionalised, like Mexicans to America or Poland to Germany.
What are the 4 types of migrants?
- An economic migrant: People relocate to try to improve their wealth and quality of life.
- A refugee: People forced to relocate due to war, conflict, or persecution.
- An irregular migrant: A person who enters a country illegally or remains in a country without a valid visa or permit from that country, or has overstayed the duration of a visa or whose visa has been cancelled.
- An asylum seeker: People fleeing for international protection.
What are the 2 scales of migration?
- At a national scale: Global systems encourage rural-urban migration as cities have become economic hubs.
- At an international scale: Some trade blocs allow for an easier movement of people. the EU allows for the free flow of people.
What two main source areas for international migrants?
- Commonwealth
- The EU
Commonwealth: Changing international migration
- 1945 (Post WW11)- Labour shortages in factories, transport and NHS.
- Afro-Caribbean migrants arrived from the west Indies and waves of migrants from India and Pakistan followed.
- Windrush carried 492 migrants who were coming to a country promising prosperity and employment.
The EU: Changing international migration
- Migration grew especially after 1992.
- EU’s second-largest economy.
- English is a business language.
- From 2014-15 19 EU countries were in the top 10 source countries for UK immigrants.
- Aged 21-35
- Skilled and unskilled workers.
Case study: China rural to urban migration
Chinese rapid industrialisation has been accompanied by rapid urbanisation, fuelled by rural-urban migration, particularly to large cities near the coast. In 1980, over 80% of Chinese people lived in rural areas; by 2012, just 680 million people, or 51% of the population, were urban. Estimates suggest that by 2025, a further 250 million people have moved to Chinese cities – that’s more than the population of the USA. However, there are barriers to migration within China known as the Hukou system. It’s estimated that more than 200m rural migrants are currently working in China’s cities with many being low skilled workers in construction.
What are the advantages of English football attracting overseas players?
- Many overseas players send a proportion of their income home as remittance payments.
- Improve the quality of life is normal and is increasing in scale.
- They bring more skill, talent and flare to the English game.
- Clubs can charge more for tickets as demand is high.
- The most successful club to become popular internationally and can generate higher revenue.
What are the disadvantages for English football attracting overseas players?
- The movement of football players, sometimes called the muscle drain, is deskilling African clubs of the most talented players.
- Tensions and conflicts can rise as people adopt a new sense of national identity.
- Whole change of cultural and ethnic composition which can break communities up.
- High demand for tickets pushes up sales prices meaning loyal fans may not be able to afford tickets.
What is the EU-Schengen Agreement?
A treaty which led to EU country’s internal border checks being practically abolished. This allows the free movement of EU nationals.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the EU-Schengen Agreement?
+ Passport-free movement across most EU states/
+ Helped fill job vacancies and other EU countries.
+ Over 14, million EU citizens now live in another member state.
+ Gives easier access to cheap labour.
- Free movement of criminals and terrorists.
- Lowering wages can lead to the exploitation of workers.
What are some of the reasons for variations in the immigrant populations worldwide
- Some countries have a more open-door policy to tourism and trade for example the UAE and Qatar which are both trade hubs.
- Trade blocs between countries such as the EU can mean increased migration for example around 10% of pop migrants in the EU countries.
- Developing countries are less globalised and have more internal migration.
- Conflict in Syria: a combination of civil war and the actions of terrorist groups ISIS.
- Open immigration/ restrictive immigration policies
Japan case study:
- Japan’s population is declining – 27% are aged over 65 and its working population is due to fall to 44m by 2037 (half the size it was in 2007).
- Only 1.7% of the Japanese population is immigrant – the IMF research shows that advanced economies typically average at 5%.
- The UN suggests Japan needs to 17 million migrants by 2050 to maintain the population at 2007 levels. Unlike English, Japanese isn’t a global business language. Japan also has a close door policy on immigration.
Australia case study:
- For decades, Australia’s immigration policy has been skills-based: 70% of immigrants are accepted based on skill shortages.
- Almost all immigrants live in big cities such as Melbourne.
- Australia’s immigrants are not an economic burden: on average each immigrant contributes 10% more per capita to Australia’s GDP each year than non-immigrants.
- Australia has an ageing population but immigrants offset numbers due to retirement – otherwise, pressures on social care and medical care would exist as in Japan.
What are the reasons for migrants crossing the Mediterranean sea to Europe?
Case study
In 2015, just over 1 million migrants a record – left North Africa and the Middle East for Europe. A further 340,000 arrived in 2016. They were often feeling conflict and persecution or seeking better job opportunities. Most migrants arrived in Europe in boats run by people smugglers, who are paid a fee for each person on board – so it was in their interest to cram as many people as possible, regardless of safety.
On arrival in Europe, their aim is often to claim asylum. In 2015, half of those arriving were from Syria. The civil war there led over 2000 people every day to travel by small boat to the Greek islands, a few kilometres from the Turkish mainland, which they had reached overland from Syria. Other migration routes were from north Africa to Spain, France and Italy.
EU Migration to the UK case study:
Between 1993 and 2016, 2.5 million EU nationals became residents of the UK. For example, by 2015 about 250,000 French people lived in London. 60% of EU nationals arrived from Eastern Europe after 8 countries that joined the EU in 2004. They helped fill the gaps in the UK labour market by working in administration, construction, business and management, hospitality and catering. The high numbers arriving reflected unemployment figures and low wages in Eastern Europe. In 2016, if either 270,000 EU citizens settled in the UK, whilst 90,000 left – a record net gain of 180,000. The east midlands had the highest rate of in-migration.
What is liberalism?
The theory is that globalisation is based on economic freedoms.
What is neo-liberalism?
A belief that globalisation is based on free flows of people, capital and trade.
How are the following elements of neo-colonialism?
- Trade liberalisation: removing subsidies, tariffs, quotas and trade restrictions.
- Freedom of interest: Anywhere or transfer capital known as the deregulation of financial markets. E.g. in the UK, any bank or individual can trade in shares without having to use the London stock exchange.
- Open borders: EU citizens are free to move around the EU.
- National identity: It accelerates cultural power through cultural diffusion, spreading food, customs and beliefs.
- Sovereignty: Includes supreme power or authority.
What are the reasons for internal migration within the UK?
- Deindustrialisation in northern Britain has driven many workers south in search of employment. It has grown the knowledge economy.
- The regeneration of larger cities has led to the in-migration of younger people for work, as well as the urban lifestyle.
- Rise in house prices.
