What the 2 main compartments of the body where water is found? How much fluid do each of them account for in 150 lb male?
intracellular and extracellular fluid
intracellular = 60% or 25 liters
extracellular = 40% or 15 liters
What are the 2 sections of extracellular fluid? And how much fluid do they account for in 150 lb male?
the plasma and interstitial fluid
plasma = 8% or 3 liters
interstitial = 32% or 12 liters
What is acid-base balance?
refers to the balance of the concentration of H+ in the blood, a higher concentration of H+ present in solution means it’s more acidic
What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids in solution?
strong acids produce H+ making the solution more acidic, whereas weak acids do not significantly decrease pH because their H+ is tightly bound and cannot dissolve
What happens when bases dissolve in water?
the OH- that is produced combines with H+ making solution more alkaline
What is the normal pH of arterial blood? And why is it important?
between 7.35 and 7.45
all proteins are dependent on narrow pH range in fluid which they function, particulary enzymes that control the rate of all metabolic reactions
What are alkalosis and acidosis?
condition where the arterial blood rises above 7.45 (alkalosis) or below 7.35 (acidosis)
What is the normal state of venous blood and interstitial fluid?
they have a lower pH because of acidic materials produced by cellular metabolism, which is the prinicipal method through which acids enter the body
What 3 main methods does the body use to control blood pH?
chemical buffer systems, the brain stem respiratory center, and the renal system
What are chemical buffer systems? And how fast do they work?
they react within seconds to minimize changes in pH by binding free H+ or free OH-
What are chemical acid-base buffers composed of?
combinations of a weak acid and its anion or a weak base and its cation
How do chemical acid-base buffers work?
pairs minimize pH changes either the (anion or weak base) reacts with free H+, preventing substance from lowering pH or (the weak acid or cation) react with OH- preventing it from raising pH
What are the 3 major chemical buffer systems in the body that are fast-acting? And what do they act on?
the bicorbonate system (interstitial and plasma fluids), the phosphate system (urine and intracellular fluid), and the protein system (intracellular fluid)
What are these buffer system composed of? And which has the most capacity? Why?
bicarbonate: weak carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
phosphate: weak acid (H2PO4-) and monohydrogen phosphate ion (HPO4-2)
protein system: amino acids, hemoglobin, and plasma proteins. It has 3xs the buffering capacity due to substantial concentration of proteins inside cells
How does the respiratory center control blood pH?
there are chemoreceptors in the medulla that monitor the level of CO2 in the blood and the brainstem controls the respiratory rate to depending on level of CO2 detected in the blood.
What form is CO2 transported into the blood plasma? What is the equilibrium reaction that takes place in the RBC?
bicarbonate
.
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-
What is the normal range of CO2 pressure in the blood?
35-45 mm
What does respiratory center do if blood pH begins to fall?
it will cause hyperventilation to increase respiratory rate to remove additional CO2, which uses up H+ causing pH to rise and restores correct blood pH
What does respiratory center do if blood pH begins to rise?
it will cause hypoventilationallowing more CO2 to accumulate forming more H+, then the pH falls and restores correct blood pH.
What are the 2 respiratory malfunctions?
respiratory acidosis (due to CO2 retention) or respiratory alkalosis (due to CO2 or removal)
What is the renal control used to manage? Why?
major system used to manage acid-base imbalance caused by daily metabolic processes or abnormal disease conditions. Because although it is much slower-acting (hours/days), it has much larger impact on the pH level
What is something unique about the renal control mechanism? What is the process by which it is done?
the kidneys can remove acids and bases from the body rather than just binding them. The major renal acid-base regulating process is excreting/reabsorbing the bicarbonate ion
How does the conservtion and secretion of HCO3- work?
Bicarbonate can be replenished in the plasma by reclaiming it from the renal filtrate. Or during alkalosis, renal collecting duct intercalated cells can secrete bicarbonate while simultaneously recovering H+ to lower the pH of the blood.
What other thing does the renal control mechanism depend on? And what is it in response to?
H+ secretion and conversion of HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) in response to pH of extracellular fluid
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Module 1: Nervous System Part 161
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Module 2: Nervous System Part 2 - The Brain50
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Module 2.2, 2.3: The Spinal Cord and Cranial Nerves33
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Module 2.4 Spinal Nerves28
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Module 2.5 The Autonomic Nervous System22
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Module 2.6 Nervous System Injury and Disease31
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Module 3.1 Vision41
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Module 3.2 Auditory and Vestibular System23
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Module 3.3 Olfactory and Gustatory System35
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Module 4.1 - Anatomy of Heart and Vessels70
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Module 4.2 - Anatomy of the Blood28
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Module 4.3 - Physiology of the Cardiovascular System45
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Module 4.4 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System32
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Module 5.1 - Anatomy of the Lymphatic System33
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Module 5.2 Physiology of the Lymphatic System and Immunology53
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Module 5.3 Diseases of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems22
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Module 6.1 - Female Reproductive System80
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Module 6.2 - Male Reproductive System58
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Module 6.3 - Sexual Reproduction, Pregnancy, and Fetal Development57
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Module 7.1 - Anatomy of Urinary System75
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Module 7.2 - Physiology of the Urinary System80
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Module 7.3 - Acid-Base (pH) Balance42
