1
Q
How many bones make up the skeletal system?
A
206 bones
2
Q
What are the four major functions of the skeletal system?
A
- Movement
- Shape and stature
- Protection
- Blood cell production
3
Q
What two sections can a skeleton be divided into?
A
Axial and Appendicular skeletons.
4
Q
What is the axial skeleton?
A
-It consists of the bones that form the head, neck and trunk and houses the vertebral column, rib cage and sternum.
- They form the main support and stabilising structure of the body.
5
Q
What is the appendicular skeleton?
A
It consists of the shoulder girdle (including the scapula and clavicle) together with the bones of the arm and hands as well as the hip girdle with the bones of the leg and feet.
6
Q
What is a joint?
A
It’s where two or more bones meet.
7
Q
What is the site at which bones move against eachother called?
A
Articulation but can only be used of joints which allow movement.
8
Q
What are the types of joints?
A
- Fixed joint
- Slighly moveable joint
- Synovial joint
9
Q
What is the fixed joint?
A
- They are called fibrous joints.
- Their role is to prevent any movement at the point at which two bones meet.
10
Q
What is an example of a fixed joint?
A
- Cranium
- Where the bony plates of the skull meet.
11
Q
What is the slightly moveable joint?
A
- They are called cartilaginous joints.
- They only allow a small degree of movement.
12
Q
What is an example of a slightly moveable joint?
A
Between the adjacent vertebrae of the spinal column.
13
Q
What is the synovial joint?
A
- They enable us to perform a wide range of movements.
- Move freely
14
Q
What are the components of a synovial joint?
A
- Joint capsule
- Joint cavity
- Synovial membrane
- Articular cartilage
15
Q
Joint capsule
A
- A tough connective tissue that surrounds and encases the bones of the joint.
16
Q
Joint cavity
A
- Filled with synovial fluid which helps to lubricate the joint.
17
Q
Synovial membrane
A
- This lines the inside of the joint capsule and secretes the synovial fluid.
18
Q
Articular cartilage
A
- A smooth slippery cartilage that covers the ends of the articulating bones preventing friction and general wear and tear.
19
Q
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
A
- Ball and socket joint
- Hinge joint
- Pivot joint
- Gliding joint
- Saddle joint
- Condyloid joint
20
Q
Ball and socket
A
- Head of one bone fits snugly into the cup-shaped cavity of another.
21
Q
Ball and socket joint- Movement
A
- Offer widest range of movement
- Movements at these joints occur in all three planes allowing side to side movements, back and forth and rotational movements.
22
Q
Examples of the ball and socket joint?
A
- Shoulder and hip joints
23
Q
Hinge joint
A
- Here bony protrusions called condyles articulate in depressions of a second articulating bone.
- They also possess an intricate network of ligaments which restrict movement but make the joint very stable.
24
Q
Hinge joint - Movement
A
- These joints offer back and forth movement only in 1 plane.
25
Examples of the hinge joint?
- Knee and elbow joints
26
Pivot joint
- It includes the head of one bone articulating in a deep depression or socket of a second bone.
27
Pivot joint- Movement
- Allow rotational movement only in one plane.
28
Examples of the pivot joint?
- Radio-ulnar joint and between the atlas and axis vertebrae.
29
Gliding joint
- They occur where the articulating bones have flat surfaces that can slide past eachother.
- Movement at these joints is limited by the action of ligaments.
30
Gliding joint- Movement
- They offer movement in two planes, back and forth and side-to-side movement.
31
Examples of the gliding joint?
- Between the carpal bones of the wrist and between the ribs and thoraic vertebrae.
32
Saddle joint
- Two saddle shaped articulating surfaces of adjacent bones fit together at right angles to allow movement in 2 planes.
33
Saddle joint- Movement
-Allows side-to-side and back and forth movement in 2 planes.
34
Examples of the saddle joint?
- The thumb at the site where the carpal and metacarpal meet.
35
Condyloid joint
- Similar to a hinge joint.
- The bony projections (condyles) of one bone articulate with hollow depressions of another.
36
Condyloid joint- Movement
- Back and forth and side-to-side movement can take place.
37
Examples of a condyloid joint?
- Radio-carpal joint where the radius articulates with the carpals at the wrist.
38
What are the planes of the body?
- Saggital
- Transverse
- Frontal
39
Saggital plane
Divides the body vertically into left and right sides.
40
Frontal plane
Divides the body vertically into front and back sections.
41
Transverse
Divides the body horizontally into top and bottom halves.
42
What are the movements in the saggital plane?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Plantar flexion
- Dorsi flexion
43
Flexion definition
A decrease in angle between the articulating bones of a joint.
44
Extension definition
An increase in angle between the articulating bones of a joint.
45
Plantar flexion definition
Extension at the ankle joint (pointing toes).
46
Dorsi flexion
A decrease in angle between the tibia and the foot (walking on heels).
47
What are the movements in the frontal plane?
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Lateral flexion
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Elevation
- Depression
48
Abduction definition
Movement away from the midline of the body.
49
Adduction definition
Movement towards midline of the body.
50
Lateral flexion definition
Movement of the head or trunk sideways away from the midline of the body.
51
Inversion definition
Adduction of the foot (sole of foot is turned towards the midline of the body).
e.g. Kicking ball with outside of foot.
52
Eversion definition
Abduction of the foot (turning sole of foot laterally outwards).
e.g. kicking phase of a breaststroke leg kick.
53
Elevation definition
Movement of scapula upwards
e.g. when shrugging the shoulders.
54
Depression definition
Movement of scapula downwards (scapulae are lowered back down).
55
What are the movements in the transverse plane?
- Rotation
- Pronation
- Supination
- Horizontal abduction
- Horizontal adduction
56
Rotation definition
When a bone moves about it's longitudinal axis. Medial & lateral
Medial rotation is rotation towards the midline of the body
Lateral rotation is rotation towards the outside of the body
57
Pronation definition
Medial rotation at the radia-ulnar joint (palm down).
58
Supination definition
Lateral rotation of the radia-ulnar joint (palm up).
59
Horizontal abduction definition
Shoulder flexion (arm out in front of you) moves from midline.
60
Horizontal adduction definition
Moving arm towards the midline of your body (shoulder).
61
What is circumduction?
When the distal end of a body part can describe a circle.
62
What are the axes of the body?
- Longitudinal axis
- Transverse axis
- Saggital axis
63
Longitudinal axis
- For movements in the transverse plane.
- Enables rotational movements to take place.
64
Transverse axis
- For movements in the saggital plane.
- Enables movements of flexion and extension to occur.
65
Saggital axis
- For movements in the frontal plane.
- Enables movements of abduction and adduction.
66
What are the muscle types?
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Skeletal muscle
67
Cardiac muscle
- Involuntary
- Found in heart and blood vessels.
68
Smooth muscle
- Involuntary
- Found in vessels, bladder, intestines
69
Skeletal muscle
- Voluntary
- All muscles involved in the movement of the body.
70
Skeletal muscle information
- Skeletal muscle is attached to bones via tendons.
(transmitting the muscular 'pull' to the bones, causing them to move.
- A muscle may attach to a bone via more than 1 tendon.
- Helps to support and maintain the posture of the body through muscle tone and produces heat keeping the body warm through contraction
71
Muscle origin
Muscle attachment at the end of bone nearest the midline of the body (proximal end) is known as the muscle origin.
- Flat, relatively stable bone.
72
Muscle insertion
Muscle attatchment at the distal end of the bone furthest away from the midline of the body is known as the muscle insertion.
- The Insertion is typically attached to the bone that will move when the muscle contracts.
73
Agonist
The muscle that is responsible for the desired movement will contract and shorten.
74
Antagonist
The other muscle of the pair will lengthen and is usually relaxing.
- works opposite to the agonist
75
Why do all muscles work in pairs?
So that all movements can always be reversed.
76
Types of muscle contraction
- Concentric
- Eccentric
- Isometric
77
Concentric
The muscle contracts and shortens
e.g. upwards phase of a push up (triceps brachi)
78
Eccentric
The muscle contracts and lengthens
e.g. downwards phase of a push up (triceps brachi)
79
Isometric
The muscle contracts and the length remains the same
e.g. holding down phase of a push up (triceps brachi)
80
Fixator
Muscle which acts as a stabiliser and helps the agonist work effectively
- Stabilises the origin of the agonist preventing unwanted movement
e.g. during a bicep curl, the rotator cuff muscles act as fixators by stabilising the shoulder joint, allowing the bicep brachii to contract effectively
81
Synergist
Assists the agonist muscle
- It does this by stabilising the joint and adding additional force to the movement .
e.g. in a press-up the anterior deltoid and triceps act as synergists to assist the pectoralis major which is the agonist
82
What are the 3 components of the lever system?
- The effort
- The fulcrum
- The load
83
The effort
In the body this will always be the contracting muscle i.e. the insertion of the muscle
84
The fulcrum
In the body this will be the joint
85
The load
This will either be the weight off the lever system itself or an object that we are trying to move.
86
Effort arm
Distance from fulcrum to effort
87
Load arm
Distance from fulcrum to load
88
Amplication of force
When the effort arm is longer than the load arm
89
Amplication of movement/ speed
When the load arm is longer than the effort arm.
90
What are the 3 lever systems
F 1
L 2
E 3
91
What can the 3rd class lever system not amplify?
force
92
What can the 2nd class lever system not amplify?
movement
93
Which lever system is triceps at elbow?
- First class lever system
- Load arm is longer than effort arm so amplifies movement
94
Which lever system is gastrocnemius at ankle?
- Second class lever system
- Effort arm is longer than load arm so amplifies force
95
Which lever system is biceps at elbow?
- Third class lever system
- Load arm is longer than effort arm so amlifies movement
96
Force
Pushing or pulling effect of another object
97
Newtons 1st law of motion
If something is moving, it will continue moving at a constant velocity unless its compelled to change by an external force.
Sometimes known as law of inertia- inertia of an object is directly proportional to it's mass.
e.g. penalty kick- if you don't apply force to the ball by kicking it it will remain stationary.
98
Newtons 2nd law
The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force causing it.
F=ma
e.g. If you hit a tennis ball with more force it will accelerate faster.
Law of acceleration
99
Newtons 3rd law
When an object exerts a force upon another object, there is a force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction exerted by the second object on the first.
e.g. pushing a door open (hand) exerts a force with the same magnitude but opposite direction
Law of reaction
100
Centre of gravity
- Point through which gravity acts
- Centre of mass
or
- Point from which the object will balance
101
When does stability occur?
When the centre of gravity stays within the base of support
102
When will an object be in stable equilibrium?
When it returns to it's original position after giving a small displacement
103
What features make an object stable?
- Wide base
- Low centre of gravity
104
Mechanical disadvantage
When the load arm is longer than the effort arm
This means the lever system can’t move as heavy as a load but can do it faster.
105
Mechanical advantage
When the effort arm is longer than the load arm
This means that the lever system can move a large load over a short distance
106
What does inertia mean?
Objects reluctance to change motion
107
L
I
A
R
Law of
Inertia
Acceleration
Reaction
108
Region joint- Shoulder
Muscle(s)
- Trapezius
- Posterior deltoids
- Anterior-deltoids
- Pectoralis
- Lattissimus Doris
Bone (s)
- Humerus
- Clavicle
- Scapula
Movement
- Horizontal-flexion
- Horizontal-extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Rotation
- Circumduction
109
Region joint- Hip
Muscle
- Gluteus
- Hamstring group
- Psoas major
Bone (s)
- Pelvis
- Femur
Movement
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Rotation
- Circumduction
110
Region joint- elbow
Muscle (s)
- Biceps brachii
- Tricep brachii
Bone (s)
- Radius
- Ulna
- Humerus
Movement
- Flexion
- Extension
111
Region joint- leg and knee
Muscle (s)
- Quadricep
- Hamstring group
- Quadricep group
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
Bone (s)
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
Movement
- Flexion
- Extension
112
Region joint- ankle and foot
Muscle (s)
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Tibialis anterior
Bone (s)
- Tibia
- Fibula tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
Movement
- Plantar Flexion
- Doris flexion
- Eversion
- Inversion
113
Region joint- wrist and hand
Bone (s)
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
Movement (s)
- Supination
- Pronation
114
Region joint- core/trunk
Muscle (s)
- Rectus
- Abdominus
- Latissimus dorsi
Bone (s)
- Regions of the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx)
Movement (s)
- Flexion
- Extension
- Rotation
115
