Network Communication Flashcards

Question

What is peer to peer network (4)

Answer 1

All computers are equal . Each device can act as both a client and a server, sharing resources direclty with othe devices without a central server.Each peer is responsible for managing its own data and permissions. FIles , printers and other resources are shared between peers

Answer 2

Simple and cheap to set up No central point of failure ,

Answer 3

Data transfer may be very slow because of –data collisions –shared processor power -All clients who provide services must be running in order fir the network to be fully sponsored - Less secure and harder to manage

Answer 4

*Only really suitable for small and low traffic networks. *This is a very popular design for a home network

Answer 5

Client sevrer is when one or more sevrer provide services to the clients on the netwrok .Clients requests data and servers manage store and respond to the requests.

Answer 6

Email services, web hosting and online banking services Corporate networks with centralised file storage and access control

Answer 7

Easier to manage and secure efficiently Expensive Requires expertise to set up and mantain Single point of failure if the server goes down.

Answer 8

An internet service provider (or ISP) is a company that provides its customers with access to the Internet

Answer 9

Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network (WLAN) technology that is based on international standards, allowing devices to connect to a network without physical cables. It is easy to install Multiple devices can communicate and share information Mobility

Answer 10

Wirless Network Adapter : Device that allows computer to connect to a wireless network . Converts data into radio signals; enables wireless connectivity for devices without built-in Wi-Fi WAP - Device that broadcasts the wirless network signals . Central hub for devices; connects wireless devices to the network and internet

Answer 11

SSID Broadcast Disables MAC Address Allow List WPA ( Wifi Protected Acess )

Answer 12

The network’s name (SSID) is not publicly broadcast to devices scanning for Wi-Fi networks. This makes the network less visible to casual users and attackers as the devices must know the SSID before connecting

Answer 13

A list of devices’ unique hardware addresses (MAC addresses) that are allowed to connect to the network. Oly devices with a MAC address on the list can connect, adding an extra layer of control

Answer 14

encrypts data transmitted over a wireless network.Protects data from being intercepted by unauthorized users.

Answer 15

This is a malware designed to cause harm to a computer system , disguised and it is hidden away inside another file. Social engineering and downloading unknown files

Answer 16

Malware attached to files that executes when file is opened. Weak user practices and lack of antivirus

Answer 17

Worms also malewares that replicate themselves and are designed to spread without the users actions

Answer 18

malicious attempt to make an online service, server, or network resource unavailable to legitimate users by overwhelming it with a flood of useless or excessive traffic from multiple sources.

Answer 19

This is a network security that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a set of security rules.

Answer 20

Anti-malware software is used to scan a computer system for harmful files which it then removes

Answer 21

It does this by comparing the source code of a file with the source code of all known harmful files on their database

Answer 22

- Improve code quality ; write secure bug free codes as this reduces vulnerabilties may exploit Protection - Use of antivirus software scans Regular software updates Use of firewall to block unauthorised access.

Answer 23

Connecting to a server and then the server acts on your behalf of you by connecting to a LAN , hence there is no direct connections between the computer on the Lan and the internet

Answer 24

Examines each packet’s header information , and allows or blocks it according to rules

Answer 25

tracks the state of active connections and makes decisions based on the context of traffic, not just individual packets

Answer 26

Manage the allocation of IP addresses and domain names globally and regionally . It ensures that each IP address is unique Domain names are unique and globally resolvable

Answer 27

Both sender and receiver share a secret key. Sender uses the shared key to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. Ciphertext is sent over the network.Receiver uses the same key to decrypt ciphertext back into plaintext.

Answer 28

Each user has a key pair Sender uses the recipients public key to encrypt the message Encypted message is sent over the network Reciever uses thier private key to decrypt the messagr into plaintext

Answer 29

SSL (Secure Socket Layer)

Answer 30

This is used to ensure the authenticity of a sender showing they are genuine A serial number , the owners name An expiry date , the owners public key

Answer 31

They use asymmetric encryption .Sender can also sign a message with their private key. Receiver verifies signature using sender’s public key, ensuring authenticity and integrity

Answer 32

Hash/digest produced/calculated from message contents // (shortened) value calculated from message; A. Message is hashed A. Message digest created N.E. Hash produced Hash encrypted; A’s private key is used for the hash encryption; N.E. Uses A’s private key Encrypted hash is known as the (digital) signature; (Digital) signature is appended to message; A. Encrypted hash for digital signature I. Description of encryption not related to digital signature

Answer 33

This is the top layer - handles series of protocols such as FTP , HTTP, POP3 Provides network services directly to applications,

Answer 34

layer 3 - They contain most of the configuration and coordination associated with the transmission . it ensures that all the packets have arrived and that there are no errors in the packets It also handles the way in which connections are made to create a path for data to travel between nodes e.g tcp

Answer 35

This is used to pass packets to the correct application in the application layer

Answer 36

Responsible for addressing and routing packets across multiple networks It handles the creation and routing of packets being sent or received

Answer 37

A device that forwards data packets between networks based on their destination IP Addresss . It directs packets along the most efficient roue to reach its target device .

Answer 38

Header -Contains control information, e.g., source IP, destination IP, sequence number, protocol Payload -The actual data being sent (message, file, or part of a file) Footer -May include error-checking information like checksums to detect corrupted packets

Answer 39

This is layer 1 - ( the last) Physical interface with medium/ cable Conversion of IP datagrams to network frames Adds Ethernet Adds header

Answer 40

A socket is a software endpoint that allows a program to communicate over a network using TCP . Allows multiple programs to communicate simultaneously over the network.

Answer 41

A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) for communications on the local network. Ensures devices can be uniquely identified on a LAN. Used by the link layer to forward frames between devices

Answer 42

This is an hypertext Transfer Protocol (Secure)

Answer 43

Port forwarding is a network technique where a router or firewall is configured to redirect traffic from a specific external port to a specific internal device and port on a private network.

Answer 44

Provide Access to Internal Services: Makes devices like web servers, FTP servers, or game servers accessible from the Internet. Control Traffic: Only specific ports are exposed, improving security. Support NAT Networks: Works with NAT so that devices behind a private network can still be reached externally.

Answer 45

This is a set of rules that govern how multimedia files are transmitted around the internet.

Answer 46

File transfer Protocol Used for transfer files between devices.

Answer 47

Application installed on a user’s device to connect to an FTP server. Can upload and download files.

Answer 48

Stores files and responds to client requests. Manages user authentication and permissions

Answer 49

Sending email between servers or from client to servers

Answer 50

NAT (Network Address Translation) is a process where a router or firewall modifies the IP address information in packets as they pass between a private network and the Internet.

Answer 51

Conserves Public IP Addresses:Multiple devices on a private network can share a single public IP. Provides Security:Devices inside the private network are not directly visible on the Internet. Simplifies Network Management: Private IP addresses can be reused in different networks without conflict.

Answer 52

A non-routable IP address is a private IP address used within a local network and cannot be routed across the public Internet.

Answer 53

A routable IP address is a public IP address that can be used on the Internet. It is globally unique and can be routed by Internet routers. it is used in web servers , email servers

Answer 54

DHCP is a network protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration settings to devices on a network.

Answer 55

Automatic IP configuration Reduces configuration errors Efficient management of IP addresses Allows devices to join networks easily

Answer 56

Resolving domain names to IP addresses

Answer 57

Secure shell - Used for remote management of computers, allowing computers to be accessed and controlled remotely. -

Answer 58

Each computer in a network shares the same network identifier but has its own host identifier .

Answer 59

They both use the same protocols Uses same software to access two devices Internet publicly available , intranet only accessible within privately Internet use of public telecommunications network vs intranet may use private network;

Answer 60

The transport layer will use the port number to determine which server should deal with the request

Answer 61

An IP address is a dotted quad number that identifies every computer that sends or receives data on a network and on the Internet.

Answer 62

The system that is used to match up the private IP addresses with the public ones

Answer 63

is used to determine which part of an IP address represents the network identifier and which part represents the host identifier. The subnet mask works by matching bits with the IP address. 1s in the mask represent the network portion. 0s in the mask represent the host portion this is done by convertin gthe ip address and subnet mask to binary forms and perform operation add then convert it back to decimal

Answer 64

Devices use this to determine: whether another device is on the same network whether the packet must be sent to a router to reach another network.

Answer 65

Subnetting is the process of dividing a larger network into smaller networks called subnets. This helps improve network organisation, security, and efficiency by limiting traffic within smaller groups of devices.

Answer 66

Uses 128-bit addresses, written in hexadecimal and separated by colons.IPv6 was introduced mainly because IPv4 addresses were running out.It also has proved network efficiency and features such as automatic network configuration

Answer 67

Uses 32-bit addresses, written as four decimal numbers separated by dots. owing about 4.3 billion unique addresses. The rapid growth of the Internet, smartphones, and IoT devices has used most of these addresses.

Answer 68

It is a carrier sense multiple access This was developed to enable various devices to transmit data at high speeds without interfering with each other. *When data is sent around networks, it is sent in frames with all frames being re-assembled at the receiving end. *Any device on a wireless network may attempt to send frames. Before each frame is sent, the device uses the CSMA/CA protocol to see whether the transmission medium is idle or whether another device is using it. *If the transmission medium is idle, the data is sent. If it is busy, the device will wait and try again later. *Each device will then wait a random amount of time before checking to see if the medium is free again so that it can send the data.

Answer 69

While CSMA/CA is effective at eliminating collisions in small networks, it cannot overcome hidden nodes: a problem that arises when the device checking for an idle channel cannot “see” some parts of the network on which communication may be occuring. To get around this issue, a protocol called RTS/CTS (Request To Send/Clear To Send) is used. This protocol adds an additional step into the CSMA process. Once the transmitting device has checked whether the channel is idle, it sends a “request to send” message to the server. If the server is indeed idle, it will respond with a “clear to send” message at which point the transmitting device can begin communication with the server. If no “clear to send” message is received, the server is busy communicating with a hidden node and the transmitting device must wait before starting the CSMA process again.

Answer 70

This is a computer that depends heavily on a more powerful server to fulfil most of its requirements and processing

Answer 71

A client device that performs most processing locally. Application relies on the device itsef

Answer 72

Reduced pressure on the server , leading to more uptime Fewer servers and lower bandwidth can be used Clients can store programs and data locally, giving them more control . Reduced security if clients can download software or access the internet remotely More difficult to manage and update a new hardware and software need installing on each client machine

Answer 73

JSON Very easy to read as it is based on defining objects and value s Less is code is created than XML Easier to create as the syntax of the coding is easier It is not sufficient for all applications XML Slightly less easy to read as data is contained with markup tags More code required than JSON Slowe than JSON Similar to programming so therefore more knowledge is required More flexibile for all application

Answer 74

The transmitter would send each bit an odd number of times The receiver checks the bits received and if they are not all the same it assumes the one it received the most copies of is the correct value

Answer 75

Transmitting device checks for traffic; * If (data) signal present/another transmission is in progress, then the transmitter continues to wait; * If the channel is detected as idle, the transmitter would send a request to send (RTS); Receiver responds (to RTS) with a Clear to Send (CTS) signal * If CTS is not received, the transmitter would wait a random amount of time/until the end of the transmission before resending the RTS; * When CTS is received, the transmitter begins transmitting data; * Receiver sends acknowledgement (ACK) (if all data is received); * If no ACK received then data is resent;

Answer 76

Star topology connects devices to a central hub/switch, offering easier fault isolation and scalability but higher cost; Bus topology connects all devices to a single backbone cable, using less cable and simpler setup but failing entirely if the backbone breaks.

Answer 77

Network adapter/network (interface) card/Ethernet card;

Answer 78

To ensure successful communication between different computers

Answer 79

System will be storing confidential data (that must be kept securely / safely); improved security management administration will be easier;

Answer 80

To check if the contents of the packet/data have been corrupted/changed (during transmission)

Answer 81

it is the address of a resources on the ineternet specofyonh the protocl , domain name and optional file. Allows browsers and applications to locate and retrieve resources from the Internet.

Answer 82

Easier human readability more compact size Faster / easier for computers to parse Simpler creation

Answer 83

REST allows JavaScript in the browser to communicate with the server using HTTP methods. Create- POST Retrieve- GET Update- PUT Delete- DELETE

Answer 84

In a client-server model, a client sends a request to a server, and the server responds with a reply. The server provides services or resources, while the client requests them.Clients are typically browsers, apps, or programs. Servers host resources like web pages, databases, or files

Answer 85

A WebSocket is a protocol that establishes a persistent, full-duplex connection between a browser and server over TCP used in online gaming and live chats

Answer 86

Network Identifier (Network ID): Identifies the specific network a device belongs to. All devices on the same network share this part. Host Identifier (Host ID): Identifies the specific device on that network. Must be unique within that network.

Network Communication Flashcards

(111 cards)