Neurotransmitter Systems

Question 0

Ach - General function

Answer 0

Crucial in producing consciousness, but not awareness
control of voluntary motion
initiation of REM sleep

Question 1

Ach - central locations

Answer 1

pons
midbrain
the striatum

Question 2

Ach - vesicular storage

Answer 2

Ach stored in clear vesicles

Moved into vesicles by VAchT

Question 3

Ach - Catabolism

Answer 3

Acetylcholinesterase bound to the POST synaptic cell membrane

Question 4

Ach Receptors (2)

Answer 4

nicotinic (NAchR)

muscarinic (MAchR)

Question 5

Muscarinic receptor properties

Answer 5

4 or 5 different types, all activated by muscarine
serpentine receptor
GPCR

Question 6

M1 (neuronal) MAchR

Answer 6

Gq

increase IP3/DAG, Increase Ca++

Question 7

M2 (cardiac) MAchR

Answer 7

Gi

decrease cAMP, increase K+ efflux

Question 8

M3 (sm m. of bronchi, vasculature, endothelial cells of vasculature) MAchR

Answer 8

NO
Gq
IP3/DAG, increase Ca++

in the vasculature NO is the major effector (which wins)

Question 9

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 9

located at NMJ (Na), autonomic ganglia, other parts of the CNS (Ca, Na)
5 subunits
IONOTROPIC
allow for Na entrance, allthough some neuronal forms allow for significant Ca influx

Question 10

Amino acid NTs (list)

Answer 10

glutamate, aspartate, taurine (EAAS)

GABA, glycine (inhibitory amino acids)

Question 11

GABA - location

Answer 11

cerebellum
cortex
retina

Question 12

GABA - functional roles

Answer 12

major inhibitory NT in the higher CNS
critical for producing consciousness/awareness
control of voluntary motion

Question 13

GABA - synthesis

Answer 13

glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
derived from glutamate

Question 14

GABA - how is action limited

Answer 14

reuptake

catabolism by GABA transaminase

Question 15

GABA - what does it bind to

Answer 15

GABA-A and GABA-B receptors

Question 16

GABA-A receptors
ionotropic/metabotropic
subunits
ion conductance (if ionotropic)/Gprotein if metabotropic
other important chemicals

Answer 16

IONOTROPIC
5 subunits
Cl- conductance
benzodiazapine site potentiates

Question 17

GABA-B receptors
ionotropic/metabotropic
subunits
ion conductance (if ionotropic)/Gprotein if metabotropic
other important chemicals

Answer 17

heterodimer G protein (Gq and Gi) decreases adenylyl cyclase, increases K+ efflux. AND decreases IP3/DAG, decreases Ca influx
-

Question 18

Many general anesthetics are now postulated to produce anesthesia by activating what receptors?

Answer 18

GABA receptors, mostly GABA-A, at extra-synaptic locations throughout the cortex

Question 19

Glycine - location

Answer 19

spinal cord
brainstem
forebrain (less than gaba)

Question 20

glycine - function

Answer 20

mediates many spinal inhibitions

Question 21

glycine - binds to

Answer 21

glycine receptors

Question 22

glycine receptor
ionotropic/metabotropic
subunits
ion conductance (if ionotropic)/Gprotein if metabotropic
other important chemicals

Answer 22

ionotropic
a=glycine binding, b = structural
Cl-
blocked by strychnine

Question 23

Peptide NT (2)

Answer 23

opiods
endocannabanoids

coded for by genes, originally thought to be neuromodulators

Question 24

Opiods - location

Answer 24

basal ganglia
hypothalamus
parabrachial nuclei and raphe nuclei

Question 25

opiods - general functions

Answer 25

modification of nociceptive inputs

modification of mood/affect

Question 26

Opioid - 4 precursor molecules

Answer 26

proenkephalin
pro-opiomelanocortin
prodynorphin
orphanin FQ

Question 27

proenkephalin - sequence and 2 major variants

Answer 27

tyr-gly-gly-phe-x

met-enkephalin
leu-enkephalin

Question 28

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Answer 28

B endorphins

Question 29

prodynorphin

Answer 29

When you cut up prodynophin, it gives rise to 4 opioid molecules

3 molecules of leu-enkephalin
dynorphins (8aa or 17aa) –> a smaller form OR the larger form

Question 30

Orphanin FQ aka?

Answer 30

nociceptin

Question 31

How are opioids made?

Answer 31

Since they are peptides, they are made through the usual protein synthetic machinery

Question 32

How do we limit opioid action?

Answer 32

enzymatic activity, possibly after reuptake
enkephalinase A and B
aminopeptidase

Question 33

What (3) receptors do opioids bind to?

Answer 33

mu, kappa, delta

Question 34

Mu receptor

receptor type and effects

Answer 34

serpentine
ANALGESIA, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, EUPHORIA
sedation, constipation

Question 35

Kappa receptor

receptor type and effects

Answer 35

serpentine receptor,
ANALGESIA, DYSPHORIA
diuresis, miosis

Question 36

Delta receptor

receptor type and effects

Answer 36

serpentine

ANALGESIA

Question 37

all opioid receptors are _______ and are ______ adenylyl cyclase

Answer 37

serpentine receptors
inhibit
Mu - increases K+ efflux and hyperpolarizes
Kappa and delta - decrease Ca

Question 38

The two endocannabanoids are

Answer 38

anadaminde

2-AG (arachydonylglycerol)

Question 39

Anadamide

Answer 39

“bliss”

arachidonic acid +ethanoloamine

Question 40

2-Arachydonylglycerol

Answer 40

arachadonic acid esterified into the middle, #2 position of glycerol

Question 41

Distribution of endocannabinoids in the CNS

Answer 41

broad distribution
hippocampus - memory formation
Basal Ganglia - affect, motor
spinal cord - modulation of nociception
neocortex - neuroprotective (?)

Question 42

What type of receptors do the endocannabinoids bind to? (2)

Answer 42

CB-1 and CB-2

Question 43

CB-1 receptor 
where
what type
what it does
what it binds

Answer 43

axons and presynaptic terminals of EAA and GABA synapses
Gi protein coupled receptor
reduces NT release
binds to either anadamide or 2-AG equally

Question 44

CB -2 receptor
where
what type of receptor
additional sites found
function

Answer 44

found in brain MICROGLIA, not neurons
metabotropic
immune system and gut
antiinflammatory, in brain cause macrophage to remove B-amyloid