Nipah Virus

Question 1

Where is Nipah Virus found?

Answer 1

Southern and SE Asia.

Question 2

Is Nipah virus seasonal or year-round?

Answer 2

Seasonal.

Question 3

What is the morphology of Nipah virus?

Answer 3

1. ssRNA.
2. Enveloped.

Question 4

What is the disease pattern of Nipah virus?

Answer 4

1. Highly infectious.
2. Zoonotic.

Question 5

What viral family does Nipah virus belong to?

Answer 5

Henipavirus.

Question 6

What is the incubation period of Nipah virus?

Answer 6

4-14 days.

Question 7

When do symptoms appear for Nipah Virus?

Answer 7

3-14 dpi.

Question 8

What are the reservoirs for Nipah virus?

Answer 8

1. Indian flying fox.
2. Other bats.
3. Pigs*.
4. Horses*.
5. Goats*.
   *Bridge species.

Question 9

When was Nipah virus first detected?

Answer 9

1998 in swine herders.

Question 10

When did Nipah virus become a seasonal disease?

Answer 10

2001.

Question 11

When did Nipah virus become a contagious disease?

Answer 11

2018.

Question 12

What is pathway 1 of Nipah virus transmission?

Answer 12

An infected bat partially eats a piece of fruit, leaves virus behind, the fruit drops, a pig eats and becomes infected.

Question 13

What is pathway 2 of Nipah virus transmission?

Answer 13

An infected bat partially eats a piece of fruit, leaves virus behind, the fruit drops, a pig eats and becomes infected, pig passes it to a human.

Question 14

What is pathway 3 of Nipah virus transmission?

Answer 14

An infected bat defecates/urinates in a date palm sap collection pot and a human drink raw date palm sap.

Question 15

What is pathway 4 of Nipah virus transmission?

Answer 15

Bat to human.

Question 16

What is pathway 5 of Nipah virus transmission?

Answer 16

Human to human.

Question 17

What is pathway 6 of Nipah virus transmission?

Answer 17

Livestock route via consuming infected meat.

Question 18

What are the signs of Nipah virus infection?

Answer 18

1. Respiratory distress.
2. Encephalitis.
3. Neurological signs.
4. Fever.
5. Cough.
6. Seizures.

Question 19

What specific parts of the body does Nipah virus infect?

Answer 19

1. Respiratory tract.
2. Olfactory nerve.

Question 20

What factors have contributed to the increase in Nipah virus cases?

Answer 20

1. Encroachment on natural habitats (Farmland and urban outbreaks).
2. Climate change affecting bat patterns (increased range and being more active at harvest time).

Question 21

What are the future goals for combating Nipah virus?

Answer 21

1. Develop therapies and vaccines.
2. Understand transmission dynamics.
3. Protect the hosts and reduce interactions.
4. Use sentinel species.
5. Active and passive testing of high risk populations.
6. Global reporting.
7. Change farming practices.
8. Rezoning.
9. Protect wells.