1
Q
Sp02
A
94-98%
2
Q
Resp rate
A
12-16 a min
3
Q
pH- ABG
A
7.35-7.45
4
Q
pC02 (kPA) - ABG
A
4.7-6.0
5
Q
p02 - ABGs
A
10.7- 13.3
6
Q
HC03
A
22-26
7
Q
BE
A
-2 to +2
8
Q
heart rate
A
60-100 bpm
9
Q
Blood pressure
A
120/80
10
Q
systolic
A
95-140
11
Q
diastolic
A
60-90
12
Q
urine output (ml per kg/hour)
A
0.5- 1
13
Q
ear temp (centigrade)
A
35.7- 38 degrees centigrade
14
Q
capillary refill
A
less than 2 seconds
15
Q
PH low
A
acidotic
16
Q
PH high
A
alkalotic
17
Q
Co2 low
A
respiratory alkaloisis
hypocapnia- hyperventilation
18
Q
Co2 high
A
respiratory acidosis
hypercapnia - hypoventilation
19
Q
HC03 & BE low
A
metabolic acidosis
20
Q
HC03 & BE high
A
metabolic alkalosis
21
Q
type 1 resp failiure
A
Pa02- lower than 8
22
Q
type 1 resp impairment
A
Pa02- 8-10.7
23
Q
type 2 resp failiure
A
- pH- acidotic lower than 7.35
- PaC02 higher than 6
Pa02- lower than 10.7
24
Q
type 2 failiure cause
A
- low oxygen (hypoxemia) and high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) levels in the blood.
- The primary problem is alveolar hypoventilation, where the body is unable to adequately clear CO₂ from the blood
- COPD - emphysema and chronic bronchitis can cause airflow obstruction, leading to CO₂ retention and difficulty in exhaling enough air.
- fatigue
- kyphoscoliosis- structural problems with the chest can limit lung expansion and cause CO₂ retention.
- drigs- opiates - centeral respiratory depression impairs ventilation leading to C02 retention
- nueromuscular disorders- Conditions such as muscular dystrophy or Guillain-Barré syndrome can weaken the muscles required for breathing, resulting in inadequate ventilation.
25
type 1 respiratory failure causes
* low levels of oxygen (hypoxaemia) in the blood, with a normal carbon dioxide level (PaCO₂).
* It usually occurs due to ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch – the volume of air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lung tissue.
**Reduced ventilation and normal perfusion**
* pneumonia- Infection in the lungs that leads to inflammation and impaired gas exchange
* pulmonary odema- Fluid in the lungs, often due to heart failure, that impairs oxygenation
**Reduced perfusion with normal ventilation**
* pulmonary embolus- A blood clot that blocks a pulmonary artery, preventing proper oxygen exchange
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* pneumothorax
* acute asthma- A severe asthma attack that significantly reduces the lung's ability to oxygenate blood, often with normal or low CO₂ levels.
* acute respiratory distress syndrome- A condition characterized by widespread inflammation and fluid accumulation in the lungs, reducing oxygen absorption
* Atelectasis – Collapse of lung tissue, which can obstruct oxygenation.
* fibrosis- Interstitial lung diseases – Conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis that cause scarring of lung tissue, reducing its ability to absorb oxygen.
* COPD
* COVID
---- CVR ----
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