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Question 1

sternoclavicular joint:

what type of joint?
what is present for shock absorption?
what type of movements occur?

Answer 1

joint type: synovial, saddle joint

shock absoption: articular disc

movements: around 60 degrees when elevate scapula

Question 2

movements of the shoulder include a combination of movements from which joints [4]?

Answer 2

SAGS:

• sternoclavicular joint
• acromiclavicular joint
• glenohumeral joint
• scapulothrocic joint

Question 3

what are two prominent features of the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 3

glenoid cavity accomodates approx/ 1/3 of the humeral head: means that should can have wider range of movement

inferior joint capusule is lax. allows elevate above head. but means is much weaker than superior portion

Question 4

what is the shallow glenoid fossa deepened by? [2]

Answer 4

-glenoid labrum (fibrocart. ring that surrounds articular surface). helps deepen the socket and support the joint

- long head of the biceps - attaches to superior aspect of labrum

Question 5

what movements does scapulotharacic joint permit of shoulder?

Answer 5

movements: [3]
* *- elevation & depression**
- protraction & retraction
- rotation - important in abduction

Question 6

what is the scapula-humeral rthym?

Answer 6

First 30 degrees of shoulder elevation involves a “setting phase”:

• the movement is largely glenohumeral.
• scapulothoracic movement is small and inconsistent.

And after the first 30 degrees of shoulder elevation:

• The glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints move simultaneously.
• Overall 2:1 ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement.

(e.g. when the arm is abducted 180 degrees, 60 degrees by rotation of the scapula & 120 degrees occurs by rotation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint)

Question 7

trapezius - where found?

where does it run? [3]

what are the three different fibre parts? [3] what movements do they cause [3]

Answer 7

trapezius

runs from occipital bone to bottom of thoracic vertebral. attaches to spine of scapula and clavicle

three parts​

• descending fibres / suprior fibres = elevate (shrug shoulders)
• middle fibres = retract scapula
• ascending / inferior fibres = depress scapula

Question 8

muscle actions of:

supraspinatus muscle:?
infraspinatus muscle:?
teres minor:?
subscapularis muscle?

Answer 8

muscle actions of:

supraspinatus muscle: first 10 degrees of abduction
infraspinatus muscle: external rotation
teres minor: external rotation
subscapularis muscle: internal rotation

Question 10

rotator cuff muscles:
​
which muscles attach to greater tubercle?
which muscles attach to lesser tubercle?

Answer 10

• *greater tubercle:**
• teres minor
• supraspinatus muscle
• ​infraspinatus muscle:
• *lesser tubercle**
• subscapularis

Question 11

what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint? [2] what type of movement does this allow?

which bone is it a connection between? [1]

Answer 11

what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint? [2]

• synovial [1]; plane joint [1]
• gliding movement [1]

what is a connection between? [1]

• acromonion of scapula
• clavicle

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

trapezius - where found?

where does it run? [3]

what are the three different fibre parts? [3] what movements do they cause [3]

Answer 13

trapezius

runs from occipital bone to bottom of thoracic vertebral. attaches to spine of scapula and clavicle

three parts​

• descending fibres / suprior fibres = elevate (shrug shoulders)
• middle fibres = retract scapula
• ascending / inferior fibres = depress scapula

Question 14

• *1. latissimus dorsi muscle**
  2. teres major

runs where to where?
movements? [3]

Answer 14

1. latissimus dorsi muscle
runs from lower thoracic vertebra onto the lumbar vertebra & iliac crest. runs from iliac crest to anterior aspect of the humerus

movements:
- extend, adduct and medially rotate the shoulder

2. teres major:
runs from:
- inferior angle of scapula to anterior aspect of humerus

movements:
- extend, adduct and medially rotate the shoulder

Question 15

where do the the rhomboids and levator scapulae run from?

which movements do they cause?

Answer 15

rhomboids
medial aspect of scapula to upper thoracic vertebra. muscle fibres cause retraction of scapula

• *levator scapulae:**
• neck to superior aspect of scapular
• elevates scapula

Question 16

serratus anterior

where?

movements?

nerve?

Answer 16

originates from medial border of the scapula, wraps around thorax to insert on the ribs

• protraction of scapula when throwing a punch boxers muscle !
  nerve: long thoracic nerve -> is superficial to the muscle which means can get damaged easily !

Question 17

pectoralis major and minor:

where do they run?

movements?

innervation?

Answer 17

pectoralis major:

most superficial: runs from humerus to medial aspect of clavicle, sternum and ribs
two heads: clavicular head & sternocostal head
movment: adduct, flex and medial rotates the shoulder (hugging muscle!)

• *pectoralis minor:**
• corocoid process to upper ribs
• not much movement - stabilises the stable joint

both innervated by pectoral nerves

Question 18

which muscle initates condcucts the first 10 degrees of abduction?

Answer 18

supraspinatus

Question 20

what are the three muscles found in anterior compartment of upper arm? what do they do?where do they run to?

Answer 20

biceps brachii - two heads:
i) one from corocoid process, distally to elbow (short head)
ii) superior border of glenoid fossa, superiorly to elbow
flex shoulder

• *coracobrachialis**: corocoid process to humerus
• flex shoulder

brachialis: mid shaft of humerus to elbow

Question 24

muscles of the arm:

anterior compartment is innervated by?
posterior compartment is innervated by?

Answer 24

muscles of the arm:

anterior compartment is innervated by musculocutaneous nerve = flexion
posterior compartment is innervated by radial nerve = extension

Question 26

which is the main muscle of posterior compartment of upper arm?

• what movement does it cause to shoulder?
• what are the three different heads?

Answer 26

posteior compartment extends the shoulder

triceps brachii:

three heads:

• *-medial head & lateral head:** humerus to elbow (olecranon process)
• *-long head**: inferior head of glenoid fossa - olecranon. this is the main one that causes extension of should

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

nerve roots for brachial plexus?

Answer 28

C5-T1

Question 29

describe overview of whole structure of brachial plexus

Answer 29

roots: C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1

trunks:
C5 & C6 join together: superior
C7 continues solo: middle
C8 & T1 join together: inferior

Divisions:
Anterior
Posterior

• *Cords (**named regarding position to axillary artery):
• lateral (top)
• posterior
• medial (bottom)
• *Branches:**
• *-** top = Muscular cutaneous
• axillary
• median
• radial
• ulnar nerve

reach to brink cold beer !!

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

where do each of the following arrive from? - Muscularcutaneous - axillary - median - radial - ulnar nerve

Answer 31

where do each of the following arrive from? - Muscularcutaneous: **C5-C7** - axillary: **C5-C6** - median: **C5-T1** - radial: **C5-T1** - ulnar nerve; **1**

Question 33

which muscles does the musculocutanous motor nerve supply? [3] where is this? which area does the musculocutanous sesnroy nerve supply? [1]

Answer 33

musculocutanous supplies the flexor compartment motor supply: * *- bicep brachialis - brachialis - corachbrachialis** musculocutanous supplies the flexor compartment sensory supply: **- skin of lateral forarm**

Question 35

describe the path of the median nerve to the hand which motor muscles does it innervate? [2] which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [1]

Answer 35

**Median nerve path** The median nerve runs medial to biceps brachii with the brachial artery, and runs anteriorly at the cubital fossa to enter the forearm. It then passes through the carpal tunnel to reach the hand * *motor inervation:** - supplies the majority of the flexor compartment (2 muscles it doesn’t innervate) causing wrist flexion - the thumb * *sensory innervation** - Sensory fibres innervate the skin over lateral palm, digits 1-3.5

Question 37

describe the path of the median nerve? which motor muscles does it innervate? [2] which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [3]

Answer 37

* *describe the path of the median nerve to the hand** - runs posteriorly all the way down * *which motor muscles does it innervate? [2]** - tricep brachii - all muscles on posterior aspect of arm and forearm - extension of the wrist * *which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [1]** - posterior arm to wrist - dorsal hand - base of digits 1-3 and thumb

Question 38

describe the path of the median nerve? which motor muscles does it innervate? [2] which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [3]

Answer 38

describe the path of the ulnar nerve? - runs medially in the arm and passes posterior the medial epidcondlye _which motor muscles does it innervate? [2]_ - flexor carpi ulnaris - ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus in forearm _which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [3]_ - medial dorsal and plantar hand, digits 3.5-5

Question 40

What is Erb's palsy caused by damage to? [1] which nerves? [3] what does it result in? [3]

Answer 40

Erbs palsy: * *- Damage to the superior trunk of the brachial plexus.** - This happens quite commonly in difficult birth (pulling the head away from the upper limb) results in nerve palsy. - Damaging C5 and C6 mainly affects musculocutaneous, axillary and medial nerve. It results in: Adducted shoulder Medially rotated arm Extended elbow

Question 41

what is klumpke palsy? caused by damage from which origins? looks like?

Answer 41

* *- damage to lower part of the brachial plexus** i) difficult birth via pulling baby out by limb ii) trying to stop yourself fall from a great height Affecting C8-T1 mainly affects ulnar nerve and part of the median nerve, so the main problems occur in the small muscles within the hand, and a claw hand results

Question 42

what is 1 & 2?

Answer 42

2 coracobrachialis 1. brachialis

Question 43

which bone does bicep brachi attach to distally? [1] where does bicep brachi attach medially? [2] which bone does brachialis attach to distally? [1]

Answer 43

which bone does bicep brachi attach to distally? [1] **radius** 2 heads: _i) short head_ - found medially. **attaches to corocoid process** _ii) long head_ - found laterally L4L. **attaches to supraglenoid tubercle** which bone does brachialis attach to distally? [1] **ulna! (coronoid process)3**

Question 44

which muscles are used to flex your forarm when: a) pronated b) supinated

Answer 44

**pronated forearm** - brachialis used to flex elbow joint **supinated forarm -** brachiali and bicep brachii flex elbow joints

Question 45

Answer 45

A: short head of bicep brachii B: radial nerve C: brachial artery D: tricep (long head) E: musculocutaneous nerve

Question 46

capitulum articulates with which bone? [1] trochlea articualtes with which bone? [1]

Answer 46

capitulum articulates with which bone? [1] **- radius** trochlea articualtes with which bone? [1] **- ulnar**

Question 47

which ligaments do we find around elbow joint [3] what do they help cause movement of ? [3]

Answer 47

ligaments: - radial collateral ligament - ulnar collateral ligaments * *reinforce hinge movement** **anular ligament**: encircles the head of the radius and keeps in the radial notch of the ulnar: creates proximal radioulnar joint - **pronation and supination of the formarm**

Question 49

which ligament is commonly torn in young girls? Ulnohumeral joint Radio humeral joint Proximal radioulnar joint why?

Answer 49

which ligament is commonly torn in young girls? Ulnohumeral joint Radio humeral joint **Proximal radioulnar joint** bc annular ligament if loosely attached to the ulnar in infants

Question 50

which muscles are used for flexion and extension of elbow joint?

Answer 50

Question 51

what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

Answer 51

_Boundaries of the cubital fossa:_ - **superior border:** line from the lateral to the medial epicondyle - **flexor muscles** of the forearm and the **bracioradialias** acting as borders also.

Question 52

what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

Answer 52

_Boundaries of the cubital fossa:_ - **superior border:** line from the lateral to the medial epicondyle - **flexor muscles** of the forearm and the **bracioradialias** acting as borders also.

Question 53

Answer 53