Oral Diseases Flashcards by Alicia Daum

What are clinical patterns of oral pathology?

Ulcers
Keratosis
Swelling
Vesicles
Pigmentation changes

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Primary Risk Factors for Oral Disease

Tobacco
Alcohol
Medications
Stress/hormonal changes
Genetics
Infections
Immunosurpressed
Anemia
Bowel disease
Autoimmune disease

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Define Hyperkeratinisation

Excessive growth of stubbornly attached keratin

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Reasons for Hyperkeratinisation

Genetic
Physiological
Pre-cancerous
CA

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Types of Local Oral Infections

Dental caries/acute pulpits
Gingivitis/periodontitis
Dental abscess
Necrotizing periodontal disease
Ludwig's angina
Cold sores
Herpangina
Thrush
Hairy tongue

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Cause of Dental Caries/Acute Pulpitis

Stretococcus mutans

Other bacteria

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Pathophysiology of Dental Caries/Acute Pulpitis

Destruction of the enamel

Progresses into dental pulp

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Symptoms of Dental Caries/Acute Pulpitis

Hot/cold sensitivity

Continuous throbbing pain

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Prevention of Dental Caries/Acute Pulpitis

Fluoride
Brushing
Flossing
Mouthwashes
Routine cleanings

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Treatment of Dental Caries/Acute Pulpitis

Simple caries: restoration

Pulpitis: antibiotics and NSAIDs

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High Risk Populations for Dental Caries/Acute Pulpitis

Chemotherapy
Diabetics
Zerostomia secondary to other source

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Define Gingivitis

Inflammation of marginal gingiva (gums)

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Etiology of Gingivitis

Anaerobes

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Pathology of Gingivitis

Gingival soft tissue inflammation/infection

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Signs/Symptoms of Gingivitis

Edema
Erythema
Pyorrhea
Pain

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Treatment of Gingivitis

Penicillin or Clindamycin

NSAID

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Prevention of Gingivitis

Brushing/flossing
Antibacterial mouth rinses
Removal of impacted food debris
Routine dental visits

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Signs/Symptoms of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis

Halitosis

Ulcerations of the interdental papillae

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Treatment of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gigivitis

Penicillin (PO) + Metronidazole

Clindamycin (alone)

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Pathophysiology of Ludwig’s Angina

Rapidly spreading cellulitis of sublingual and submandibular spaces

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Signs/Symptoms of Ludwig’s Angina

Febrile
Drooling/trismus
Edema in sublingual area

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Treatment of Ludwig’s Angina

IV antibiotics

Penicillin or Unasyn + metronidazole (Flagyl)

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Presentation of Herpetic Lesions

Cold sores or painful vesicles on tongue/buccal mucosa

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Etiology of Herpetic Lesions

HSV-1

HSV-2

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Treatment for Herpetic Lesions

Acyclovir | Valacyclovir

Etiology of Herpangina

Coxackie virus

Clinical Features of Herpangina

``` Painful Fever Malaise Sore throat Vesicles on soft palate ```

Treatment of Herpangina

Supportive | Analgesics

Etiology of Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)

Candida species

High Risk Populations for Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)

Neonates Prolonged antibiotic use Immunocompromised

Signs/Symptoms of Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)

White plaques on tongue/oral mucosa "Burning" tongue "Raw" throat

Treatment of Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)

Topical clotrimazole troches Topical nystatin Oral fluconazole

Define Hairy Tongue

Elongations of filiform papillae of dorsal surface

Etiology of Aphthous Stomatitis (Ulcers)

Auto-immune CMV Hormones Nutritional deficiency

Management of Aphthous Stomatitis (Ulcers)

``` Sucralfate (Carafate) Acidophilus Folate Vitamin B12 Stress relief Licorice Corticosteroids ```

Define Geographic Tongue

Rapid loss and regrowth of filiform papillae causes denuded red patches to "wander" across the surface of the tongue

Pathophysiology of Oral Leukoplakia

Benign epithelial hyperplasia | Strongly associated with HIV

Clinical Signs of Oral Leukoplakia

Asymptomatic lesions on the lateral surfaces of tongue

Treatment for Oral Leukoplakia

High dose acyclovir

Etiology of Oral Cancer

Tobacco Alcohol HPV

Detection of Oral Cancer

Ulcerative oral lesions with fail to resolve in 2 weeks should be biopsied

Oral Side Effects of Medications

Xerostomia Pigmentation changes Hyperplasia Mucositis

Causes of Halitosis

``` Bronchiectasis Lung Abscess Acute primary herpetic gingivostomatitis Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis periodontal disease Dental caries Smoking Hepatic failure Azotemia DKA H. pylori gastric infection Esophageal CA Metal poisoning ```

Pharmacologic Causes of Xerpstomia

Diuretics Antihistamines TCA's

Clinical Presentation of Xerostomia

``` Oral dryness Burning of the tissues Difficulty eating/swallowing Tongue irritation Painful ulcerations Increased caries Increased periodontal disease ```

Treatment of Xerostomia

Saliva substitutes | Salivary stimulation

Pigmentation Change Causes

``` Tetracycline Sedative OCP Antimalarials Amalgam tattoo Heavy metal pigmentations ```

Medications which may cause gingival hyperplasia

Phenytoin Calcium Channel Blockers Cyclosporin

Etiology of Mucositis

Chemotherapy | Radiation to H&N

Clinical Manifestations of Mucositis

Edema | Painful chewing/swallowing of food

Oral Problems with Diabetic Patients

``` Acute gingival abscess Gingival proliferations Dry burning mouth Gingival tenderness/bleeding lip dryness Tooth mobility Periodontal disease ```

Prevention of Oral Disease in Diabetics

Tight glucose control

Oral Problems with Pernicious Anemia

Glossitis

Oral Problems with Iron Deficiency Anemia

Glossitis | Angular cheilits/stomatitis

Oral Problems with Vitamin Deficiencies

``` Oral mucositis Ulcers Glossitis Burning sensation in the tongue Petechiae Gingival swelling/bleeding Teeth loosening Ulcerations ```

Signs/Symptoms of Mononucleosis

Palatal petechiae Pharyngitis Lethargy Sore throat

Oral Problems with AIDS/HIV Infections

``` Oral candidiasis Necrotizing ulcerative periodontal disease Stomatitis Hairy Leukoplakia Oral Lymphoma Oral Kaposi's sarcoma ```

Signs/Symptoms of Acute Leukemia

``` Gingival bleeding Necrotic Ulcers Gingival Enlargement Bluish gingival appearance Oral infections Marked discomfort ```

Oral Symptoms After Radiation

Mucositis with ulcers, candidiasis, bacterial infections, and xerostomia

Presentation of Cheilosis (cheilitis)

Inflammation and/or fissuring of the lips

Etiology of Cheilosis (cheilitis)

Environmental irritation Metabolic/Nurtritional Poor fitting dentures Infection

Management of Cheilosis (cheilitis)

Eliminate cause

Main Pathophysiology of Sialoadenitis

Infections of salivary glands may be viral (mumps) or bacterial (secondary to obstruction)

Clinical Presentation of Sialoadenitis

Edema Pain Purulent drainage

Clinical Presentation of TMJ Dysfunction

``` Female adults Unilateral pain Difficulty chewing or opening mouth widely Burning sensation of tongue/palate Buxism Tinnitus Vertigo Acute tenderness over TMJ ```

Management of TMJ Dysfunction

Physiotherapy Pureed diet 1-2 weeks Analgesics Muscle relaxants

Oral Diseases Flashcards

(66 cards)