Oral pathology Flashcards

Question

What can a microbial culture show us?

Answer 1

1. If it is a fungul infection 2. If it is a bacterial infection - antibiotic infection may be needed 3. If it is a viral infection

Answer 2

Swab - microbial analysis - need to send to a lab for something like PCR Smere - do a cell analysis - straight under the microscope - think exfoliative cytology

Answer 3

This is herpes labialis - please do not touch them Site - LHS vermillion border and just below the lower LHS conissure Size - scattered but overall spands around 10-20mm, irregularly shapped, diffused Morphology - slightly elevated but mostly flat, distinct, spread, a crop of vesicles Colour - yellow but also some of the lesion is similar to the vermilion border Consistency - NOPE IT IS A PHOTO Texture - rough because some have been bursed but some are smooth

Answer 4

This is a traumatic ulcer Site - the RHS lateral surface of the tongue Size - around 0.5mm Morphology - round, depressed, indented Colour - red with yellow tinge white white defused borders - due to keratin build up Consistency - SIKE IT IS A PHOTO - Texture - looks rough but needs to be assessed properly clinically

Answer 5

Multiple ulceration due to a viral infection - vesicles - please d Site - RHS attached gingival near the posterior region to the mid-line of the hard palate Size - multiple lesions, rnaging from 3-15mm in lengthm width of around 2 mm average Morphology - flat, may be slightly elevated Colour - Yellow Consistency - PHOTO NO CONSISTENCY FOR YOU - Texture - appears to be smooth please check clinically

Answer 6

1. Attached, orthokeratinised mucosa 2. Non-attached, non-keratinised mucosa

Answer 7

Oral mucosa - lining mucosa Oral mucoperiosteum - attached gingiva

Answer 8

1. stratum basale (D) 2. stratum spinosum (C) 3. stratum granulosum (B) 4. stratum corneum (A) E and F and the papillary and reticular layer accordingly

Answer 9

1. Leukoedema 2. White Sponge Nevus 3. Epidermolysis Bullosa

Answer 10

It is a common developmental lesion of the oral mucosa. It is a variation of normal mucosa and it is more common in individuals with dark skin. Mainly in buccal mucosa It can be implicated by the use of tobacco or alcohol. They are asymptomatic, bilateral, poorly defined and it disappears when the mucosa is stretched or whipped with a gauze. Please consider not to stretched the attached gingiva!

Answer 11

It appears in the supperficial half of the epithelium. There are large vacuolated cells present with some Pyknotic nuclei. Epithelial hyperplasia present as well as long elongated rete pegs

Answer 12

Unless there are any other worrying signs - no management is needed just monitoring

Answer 13

It is a rare inherited condition. It is autosomal dominants trait and it is early onset. Majority of cases present with oral lesion, other mucosal surface may be affected. It is asymptomatic, diffuse, with white thickening and if irregular thickening

Answer 14

It appears in the superficial layer of the epithelium. Large vacuolated cells. Pyknotic nuclei and thickened parakeratin layer No dysplasia present

Answer 15

It is also known as geographic tongue - it is quite common and the aetiology is well known It is a result of loss (atrophy) of filiform papillae. Sometimes it can be sore but again not much can be done - if concerning please refer for biopsy

Answer 16

Numerous microabscesses in the surface of epithelium filled with neutrophils and lymphocytes

Answer 17

It is a condition with poorly understood aetiology and a result of increased length of filliform papilla. May be initiated by heavy smoking, atiobiotics and other. Usually asymptomatic. Increased number of chromogenic microorganisms thus a change in colour to usually darker one

Answer 18

1. Ensure the patient that this is not something pathological 2. Take a smear if needed

Answer 19

1. Haemangioma - swelling of blood vessels 2. Lymphangioma - swelling of lymph vessels

Answer 20

It is a localised vascular proliferation that may be congenital or arise later in life. Could be single or multiple and results in soft tissue lesions usually

Answer 21

1. Layer of epileium 2. Perforations of endothelial blood vessels and cells - forming capillaries

Answer 22

This is capillary haemangioma due to the small capillary vessels presence

Answer 23

This is cavernous haemangioma due to larger blood vessels present

Answer 24

It is a type of lesion that is present in tongue swelling. The epithelium lining is very thin with a large, lymph filled vascular spaces

Answer 25

This a lymphagioma of the tongue - due to the pink limp liquid being observed in the hghlighted areas

Answer 26

This a large cystic lymphagioma involving the lateral side of the neck. It is a rare, congenital, lymphagiomic lesion.

Answer 27

They are aqcuired malformation (age related - loss of elacticity in vein walls) of lingual vein that result in the focal dilation of a single vein. They can be present on the ventral tongue and lower lip. They are firm and blanch with compression.

Answer 28

This is a caliber persistent labial artery. It occurs when the inferior alveolar artery maintains it's size after leaving the mental forament and becomes superficial in the lower lip. It can present as a nodule. PLEASE PULPATE IT BECAUSE IT WILL PULSE

Answer 29

It is usually: 1. Symmetrical 2. Follows normal anatomy/tissue architecture 3. Commonly seen in the gingivae 4. Associated with increase melanin production

Answer 30

Oral melanotic macule or focal melanosis or an intraoral freckle It is a well demarcated, uniform in colour, asymptomatic and has the same consitency as the surrounding mucosa macule. Histologically it is related to increase melanin deposition. Sometimes can arise due to medication use specifically oral medications. Remeber macules DO NOT CHANGE OVER TIME

Answer 31

This iss a mucosal menocytic naevus. It is a rare oral cavity lesion or patch. It is bening proliferation of neaevus cells. The lesion is not neoplastic but is a hamartomatous lesion

Answer 32

It is a tumour-like lesion. Non-neoplastic proliferation of tissue. It grows at the same rate as the surrounding tissue

Answer 33

This is a junctional naevus because is confined to the basal layer of the epithelium

Answer 34

This is intraomucosal naevus - because is is not in the epeithelium

Answer 35

This is an amalgam tattoo - it is associated with some of the amalgam being incorporate into the adjcent soft tissue over time. PLEASE LOOK AT AMALGAM NEAR BY. This lesion can grow but usually at a none alarming rate.

Answer 36

It is a tissues that are in an abnormal sire of position

Answer 37

They are ectopic sebaceous glands that usually occur on the buccal mucosa - their instance increases with age. They are slightly elevated yellowish nodules. It arises due to the arisal of the tissue from the ectoderm during the embrio development

Answer 38

They are very similar to sebaceous glands

Answer 39

These are lingual tonsils. This is part of the lymphoid tissue (Welder's ring) that is used to fight infection. The lymphoid tissue underneath the folliate papilla goes through lymphoid hyperplasia (growth) and result in an elevation on the postra-lateral tongue surface.

Answer 40

This is lymphoid hyperplasia

Answer 41

This is lingual thyroid tissue

Answer 42

They are bony protuberances. Non-neoplastic. Possibly inherited Exotoses - multiple or single nodules at the buccal aspect of the alveolar bone

Answer 43

This is a nasopalatine cyst. It is the most common non-odontogenic oral cyst. It s asymptomatic unless secondarily inflamed.

Answer 44

These are fordyce spots They are sebatious glands in the oral mucosa. Do not biopsy and reassure the patient that this is normal. Pathogenesis: ectoderm refrences

Answer 45

It is an increase in the size of a particular tissue by increase in cell number - it is reversible and stimulus dependent

Answer 46

It is an increase in the size of particular tissue by increase in cell size.

Answer 47

1. Predominantly epithelial in nature 2. Predominantly connective tissue in nature

Answer 48

1. Senssile lesion - broad based lesion 2. Pedunculatedlesion - on a stalk - use a perioprobe to see if a lesion has a neck

Answer 49

1. Papillary - any small growth projectin into a cavity 2. Verrucous - warty surface appearance (small hyperkeratinised projections) 3. Epulis - lump on the gum non-neoplastic

Answer 50

It is a growth of fibrous connective tissue underneath an epithelium

Answer 51

It is a exophytic lesion. Site is a site of trauma Size is around 1-2mm upto 1cm Moprphology could be sessile or pedunculated Colour is similar to normal mucosa but could look inflamed Consistency could be soft to hard depending on the age of the fibrous tissue

Answer 52

Aetiology: Chronic physical trauma, cheek biting, irritation from broken teeth etc. Pathogenesis - cellular proliferation and production of cell product - predominantly connective tissue Treatment: Excision of the tissue and removal of the cause

Answer 53

It is a nodular overgowth that is associated with dentures and S.Candida infection. Associated with nodular hyperplasia in histological samples

Answer 54

It is a presented as a nodule appearance with chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate

Answer 55

This is fibroepithelial polyp. It is a localised fibroepithelial hyperplasia. Can occur anywhere but commonly sites prone to trauma. It is similar to the colour of the surroinding tissue but may appear a bit more inflammaed.

Answer 56

This is fibroepithelial polyp. It is a localised fibroepithelial hyperplasia. Can occur anywhere but commonly sites prone to trauma.

Answer 57

It is an overlying epithelium - hyperplastic or atopic or normal. Bulk lesion is made up of densely collagenous fibrous connective tissue. MAY OCCUR WITH OSSIFICATION

Answer 58

Aetiology: chronic physical trauma and inflammation Treatment: Excision

Answer 59

Aetiology: chronic physical trauma and inflammation Treatment: Excision

Answer 60

This is pyogenic granuloma. It is a localised soft tissue lesion that is common in people who are pregnant due to the hormone imbalance. Site: Anywhere but classically arises from the interdental papilla

Answer 61

Usually sensile Sudden onset and rapid growth Bright red and haemorrhagic, ulcerated surface. Tissue may mature thus becomes fibrosed

Answer 62

Usually sensile Sudden onset and rapid growth Bright red and haemorrhagic, ulcerated surface. Tissue may mature thus becomes fibrosed

Answer 63

Many lesions are made up of exuberant granulation tissue. It is a very vascular lesion with large numbers of thin walled dilated blood vessels lined by endothelial cells

Answer 64

Excision and removal of causative factors

Answer 65

1. Neoplasm 2. Heamongioma

Answer 66

It is a similar lesion to the pyogenic granuloma but it also involves bone tissue

Answer 67

It is a well vascularised cellular tissue with mononuclear cells. If you see multinucleadted diant cells - probs a peripheral giant cell granuloma

Answer 68

It is important to determine that the lesion is not an intra-bony or central lesion which has perforated cortical bone

Answer 69

It is a relatively common oral lesion. Presents as localised lesion of gingiva like fibrous epulis and pyogenic granuloma. Clinical features: 1. Painless 2. Relatively rapid growth 3. Size usually less than 1 cm 4. Sometimes - surface ulceration

Answer 70

It is a very cellular lesion - well vascularised and collagenous. IT CONTAINS CALCIFICATIONS.

Answer 71

They are lesion that occur due to underlying factors such as plaque or use of certain medications such as hypertension medication (calcium channel blockers) or anti-covulsants or immunosupresants. Drug Induced Gingival Overgrowth is one of them

Answer 72

It is a lesion occurring on the buccal mucosa as a result of a local mechanical trauma

Answer 73

It is usually symptomless and is very very common. It presents as a white, narrow, linear lesion on the buccal mucosa. Could be unilateral or bilateral

Answer 74

A thichening of the prickle cell layer can be observed. Hyperkeratosis occurs. Nothing cna be done to manage it - just please do not bite your cheek.

Answer 75

It is cheek biting which causes chronic mechanical trauma. Clinical presentation is a unilateral or bilateral white patch on the buccal mucosa, which is rough and whitenned. Usually symptomless

Answer 76

1. Control of habit 2. Might need to treat the underlying stress

Answer 77

It is similar to the cheek biting and linea alba but usually occurs on commonly traumatised sites such as the lips, lateral border of the tongue, buccal mucosa, edentulous alveolar ridge. Appears as a poorly demarcated white lesion.

Answer 78

Histological features: 1. Hyperkeratosis 2. No dysplastic changes Management: 1. Identify and try and remove a cause - might be difficult with edentulous patients 2. Always biopsy if in doubt :)

Answer 79

It is a diffused, white, moderately thickened palate that can be sometimes roughened. It usually involves the entire palate with characteristic, red, minor salivary gland dots. Associated with tobacco smoking, especially reverse smoking.

Answer 80

Hyperkeratosis is common. Thickening of stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer)

Answer 81

1. Smoking cessation 2. The lesion is usually not malignant but close monitoring is idea

Answer 82

This chronic hyperplastic candidiasis. It is usually a single, fixed, white or mix of white and red patch that syays when whipped. May occur anywhere but common sites are the tongue and buccal mucosa.

Answer 83

Thickening large bulbus epithelial with keratinisation

Answer 84

1. Squamous papillomas/Oral warts 2. Condyloma accuminatum 3. Focal epithelial hyperpklasia

Answer 85

The main difference between giant cell fibroma is the Giant Stellate Cells rather than the osteoclast like cells. The clinical features are similar: small, raised, pedunculated lesion that is asymptomatic

Answer 86

usually surgical excision. The reoccurance of giant cell fibroma is relativley rare

Answer 87

It is a lesion thatoccurs due to the damage of a nerve trunk following some sort of injury (like surgery or pressure on dentures). Essenially - the repair of the axon does not go as planned and the lesion if fully comprised of the neural tissue. Clinical features: small swelling or nodule on mucosa near mental foramen, alveolar ridge, lips or tongue. Pressure on the nodule cuases pain

Answer 88

Histopathology: Presents as a mass of irregular bundle situated in variable amount of connective tissue stroma. Treatment: surgical excision

Answer 89

This is verruciform xanthoma, it is a rare lesion that mimic squamous cell carcinoma. It is flat, velvety, pebbly.

Answer 90

It is usually associated with foamy, lipid filled marophages. The lesion is bening

Answer 91

Site - RHS buccal mucosa, adjacent to the premolar teeth Size - around 10-20 mm in diamtere Morphology - elevated sessile nodule Colour - similar colour of the surrounding tissue Consistency - firm - Texture - smooth

Answer 92

Fibroepithelial polyp - due to a firm consistency with whiteish, keratinised superior surface. Also the location is commonly traumatised. Fibroepithelial polyp is also a relatively common lesion.

Answer 93

1. No urgent referral needed 2. Ask the patient if has changed in signs and symptoms 3. Suggest the patient that a surgical incision might be a good option as part of a histopathological investigation option or just to monitor the lesion 4. Try to reduce the potential traumatising habbits

Answer 94

Proliferation and production of cell products - predominantly fibrous connective tissue - reactive hyperplasia (reacting to an injury)

Answer 95

Site - around the lingual oral mucosa - adjacent to the lingual surfaces of 34 and 35 Size - around 15-20 mm in length Morphology - elevated, elongated, nodule Colour - similar to the attached gingiva Consistency - it is firm texture - it is smooth

Answer 96

Fibroepithelial hyperplasia - denture induced. Because: 1. Denture present - which is a causative factor 2. Clinical presentation - keratinisation of the tissues, slow growth and location 3. THIS IS A COMMON LESION - say that on the exam

Answer 97

1. Examine the denture and the fit of the denture - it might need to be adjusted or raplced 2. While waiting - might not retain the denture for long times in the mouth

Answer 98

Proliferation and production of cell products - predominantly fibrous connective tissue - reactive hyperplasia (reacting to an injury)

Answer 99

Thickened epithelial and thickened keratin layer

Answer 100

1. Detect a lesion 2. Health and lesion histories 3. Examination - identify cause and remove if possible 4. Differential diagnosis 5. Monitor or Investigate - including biopsy/referral for biopsy 6. Follow-up/referral

Answer 101

An ulcer is the loss of contnues of epithelial linings and some fo the connective tissue. It is associated with colour yellow.

Answer 102

1. Border 2. Depression

Answer 103

1. Long-standing ulcers with no obvious cause 2. Indurated (hard) borders - PLEASE PALPATE 3. Deep ulcers with rolled borders 4. Ulcer that is fixed to underlying tissues - usually ulcers are mobile 5. Painless ulcer 6. Ulcers associated with lymphadenopathy - if there is a large swelling - EMERGENCY

Answer 104

1. Reactive lesions 2. Developmental 3. Inflammatory/immunologic 4. Infective 5. neoplastic 6. Idiopathic

Answer 105

It is a type of ulceration from mechanical, chemical, thermal and radiation injury. Please recall the patient in 2 weeks and during the session try to remove the cause.

Answer 106

1. Acute traumatic lesions - a lot of pain, surface covered by yellow fibrinous exudate and halo border 2. Chronic traumatic lesions - minimal pain, elevated margins, fibroepithelial hyperplasia, epithelial hyperkeratosis, induration

Answer 107

It is a bening chronic ulcer usually presenting on the tongue. It is crateriform in shape.

Answer 108

Eosinophilic ulcers are usually associated with an abnormal presentation of eosinophils thus it is important to send a biopsy sample of the ulcer for histopathological investigation to ensure it is not malignant

Answer 109

This is a minor aphthous ulcer - which one of the most common ulcer of infectious origin. It usually occurs in non-keratinised mucosa, it is shallow and rounded. It has erythematous margins and yellowish floor

Answer 110

This is a major Aphthous Ulcer - an uncommon ulcer of infectious origin. It is usually very large and can involve keratinised mucosa. This need to be reffer for biopsy because this could be a melignancy.

Answer 111

This is Herpetiform aphthous ulvers - it is an uncommon and are very very small. Named herpetiform due to the resemblance of the ulcers to those of herpetic stomatitis

Answer 112

1. Accurate diagnosis 2. Symptomatic treatment 3. Steroid

Answer 113

1. Diffuse lip swelling 2. Coble stone thickening of the mucosa 3. Ulcers

Answer 114

It is the atrophy of the lingual papilla

Answer 115

Site - RHS lateral surface of the tongue, in close proximity to the posterior lingual surface of Q4 posterior teeth Size - 10-15mm Morphology - a central depression with well defined borders Colour - border: white in colour, depression: red in colour with small tinge of yellow Consistency - borders are firm - texture - smooth

Answer 116

Most likely to be Chronic Traumatic Ulcer 1. Due to history of previous tongue biting (trauma) 2. It is a common lesion Firm and consistent borders should raise some alarm bells

Answer 117

(previous history, exam, palpations done) 1. Referral for biopsy due to the length of the lesion being there and also the firm border are concerning 2. Find the cause and try to remove it

Answer 118

1. Missing epithelium layer or orthokeratinised squamous epithelial cells or hyperplastic epithelium 2. Sometimes some loss in fibrous connective tissue 3. Eosinophilic ulcers are usually associated with an abnormal presentation of eosinophils thus it is important to send a biopsy sample of the ulcer for histopathological investigation to ensure it is not malignant 4. Fibrousis on the borders of the ulcer - dense pink collagen

Answer 119

1. Missing epithelium layer or orthokeratinised squamous epithelial cells or hyperplastic epithelium 2. Sometimes some loss in fibrous connective tissue 3. Eosinophilic ulcers are usually associated with an abnormal presentation of eosinophils thus it is important to send a biopsy sample of the ulcer for histopathological investigation to ensure it is not malignant 4. Fibrosis on the borders of the ulcer - dense pink collagen

Answer 120

If it resolves - it is a confirmation that it was an Acute Traumatic Ulcer

Answer 121

Site - RHS anterior ventral and dorsal surface of the tongue Size - 4 ulcers from RHS to LHS - 2mm 1mm 3mm 3.5mm Morphology - rounded, depressed ulcers Colour - borders: red center: yellow Consistency - SIKE IT IS A PHOTO Texture - Glossy

Answer 122

Minor aphthous ulcer related to stress

Answer 123

If it is their first ulceration: 1. Manage pain 2. Review in 2 weeks If the duration if reoccurring 1. Send to an oral surgeon for a biopsy 2. Send to a GP for a underlying health issue assessment

Answer 124

1. Viral disease 2. Fungal disease 3. Bacterial disease

Answer 125

This is necrotising gingivitis. It is usualy caused by a presence of an opportunistic bacteria and an underlying stress factor. Clinical features: necrosis of the papilla, sudden onset, ulcer covered by greyish pseudomembrane from surrounding mucosa Treatment: 1. OHI 2. Debridement 3. CHx 4. Metronidozole 400mg 6 hourly for 5-7 days

Answer 126

This is cancrum oris (noma) - it is a destructive condition involving oral soft tissues and jawbone. Usually associated with children who are malnourished and have lower immunity due to systemic infections. Thought to arise from NG

Answer 127

This is actinomyces - an infection characterised by multiple foci of chronic suppuration. Patient present with firm swelling commonly in the submandibular region with variable pain symptoms. Treatment: prologned antimicrobial treatment after cultures

Answer 128

1. Chronic granulomatous inflammation surrounded by abundant granulation tissue and fibrosis 2. Granules consisting of tangled meshes of organisms may be seen

Answer 129

It is a sexually transmitted disease that is cause by T. Pallidum Two common types 1. Congenital 2. Aquired

Answer 130

1. Notched permanent incisors 2. Hypoplastic first molars 3. Saddle bone deformity

Answer 131

It is a chancre - which occurs at the site of primary inoculation 3-4 weeks after infection. Lesions are high infectious - be careful! Heals naturally

Answer 132

They are usually described as some mucous patch, rash or condyloma lactum. Usually occur 6-8 weeks after primary stage. Still infectious - please be careful

Answer 133

They are called Gumma - they usually involve the hard palate perfiration or syphilitic glossitis

Answer 134

Mulitlobular ulcerated growth due to immundeficency - histologically it is associated with granuloma inflammation.

Answer 135

Nodular mucosa lesions are present in 20-60% of the patient

Answer 136

Local factors: - Poor denture hygiene -Reduced vertical dimension -Reduced salivary flow Systemic factors: -Extreme of age -Endocrine disturbances -Malnutrition -Antibiotic therapy

Answer 137

1. Acute: - Atrophic (denture or antiotic-associated) - Pseudomembranous condidosis - thrush 2. Chronic -Atrophic -Hyperpastic 3. Mucocutaneous - Usually T cell deficiency

Answer 138

It is a generalised, red focal area of red/inflamed oralmucosa. This condition has no other specific symptoms other than pain. Management: -Correct diagnosis -Oral denture hygiene -Antifungal agents

Answer 139

it is most common type of acute candidiasis. This is a lesion/lesions that is associated with soft, white/yellow plaque that can be lifted off the mucosa. These plaques represent inflammatory exudate, dead cells and fungal colonies

Answer 140

1. Base your diagnosis on oral features and cytology smear 2. Managment depedns on sverity of symptoms and predisposing factors: - for simple case - antibiotic therapy, topical antifungal agents and oral hygiene instructions - for a complex case e.g. patient with immunosuppression - medical consultation and topical/systemic antifungal agents

Answer 141

Chronic Atrophic Candidosis - is a non-specific red area in the mouth. Some of the example of it is angular cheilitis Take a smear.

Answer 142

It is lesion/lesions that may occur anywere but are common to the tongue and buccal mucosa. Present as white or mixed white/red patches or plaques on the mucosa. THIS LESION CAN RESEMBLE OTHER PATHOLOGY - like lichen planus or early squamous cell cercinoma biopsy and re-biopsy after antifungal treatment

Answer 143

1. Fungal infections 2. Bacterial infections 3. Viral infections

Answer 144

Miconazole 2% gel 2.5 mL topically (then swallowed), 4 times daily, after food, for 7 to 14 days; continue treatment for at least 7 days after symptoms resolve Or Amphotericin B 10 mg lozenge sucked (then swallowed),4 times daily, 7 to 14 days; continue treatment 2 to 3 days after resolved

Answer 145

Miconazole 2% gel 2.5 mL topically (then swallowed), 4 times daily, after food, for 14 days; continue treatment for at least 14 days after symptoms resolve or Chlorimazole 1% cream topically to the angles of the mouth, twice daily for at least 14 days; continue treatment for 14 days after symptoms resolve

Answer 146

1. Herpes labialis 2. HPV 3. HIV 4. Hep C

Answer 147

1. An inividual is seronegative 2. Exposure to the virus occurs 3. Primary disease - Subclinical Gingivostomatitis is considered to be primary disease 4. An inidividual becomes seropositive 5. Reactivation of the diseases (aka Secondary disease) may occur due to stressors - usually results in a cold sore 6. Resolution of the cold sore - return to being seropositive

Answer 148

It is a widespread vesicular eruption involving skin, vermillion and mucosa. It results in painful widespread infection that can be observed in the photo. It is associated with young children or older adult who are immunocomprimised

Answer 149

It is a vesicular eruption affecting perioral skin, lips, gignivae and palate - knowns as harpes labialis

Answer 150

1. Intraepitheial vesicle formation - aka acantholysis 2. The vesicles contain inflammatory cells and exudate 3. Destruction of epithelial cells

Answer 151

It is also known as chicken pox! It is a vesicular infection that migh have some oral mucosal involvement

Answer 152

It leads to shingles. Shingles may result in oral manifestations like vesicular lesiosn aorund the oral cavity.

Answer 153

A dermatome is an area of sking that is associated with a root of a single neural connection to the spine or orofacial (cranial) nerves

Answer 154

It is a oral manifestation that relates to the Epstein Barr Virus and is associated with HIV invection

Answer 155

This a kaposi's sarcoma - an oral lesion associated with Herpes Virus 8 - it is very aggresive in it's course

Answer 156

1. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease 2. Herpangina Both are self limiting infections that effect children more than the adults

Answer 157

Systemic symptoms such as fever and enlarged tender lymph nodes.

Answer 158

True herpes infections come with systemic symptoms herpetiform does not

Answer 159

1. Epithelial - related to the epithelial lining of the oral cavity, salivary gland, oeontogenic epithelium 2. Mesenchymal 3. Haemotlymphoid

Answer 160

Tumour - means swelling above the size of 2cm.

Answer 161

Neoplasm - is a tumour that does not stop growing

Answer 162

1. Bening tumours have the suffix "...oma" 2. Melignant tumours: - Epithelial tumours are "carcinoma" - Mesenchymal tumour have a suffic "...sarcoma" The exeptions are: melanoma and lymphoma which are both malignant

Answer 163

Most of them arise from fibropepithelials polyps and fibroepithelial hyperplasia

Answer 164

The solitary fibrous tumours are benign neoplasms that arise from combination of altering hypocellular and hypercellular areas. It consists of bands of hyalinised collagen in between spindle shaped cells.

Answer 165

It is an uncapsulate lesion with infiltrative growth and stellate and spindle. Occurs as bubbly in appearance.

Answer 166

It is an uncommon lesion in the oral cavity - most commonly filled with adipose tissue (fat cells)

Answer 167

1. Leiomyoma - smooth muscle, benign neoplasm 2. Leiomyosarcoma - smooth muscle, malignant neoplasm 3. Rhabdomyosarcoma - skeletal muscle, malignant neoplasm

Answer 168

They are benign neoplasm associated with schwann cells. Could occur as a asymptomatic, submucosal mass

Answer 169

It is usually a multiple lesion - it is asymptomatic and is related to neurofribromatosis This lesion could turn malignant

Answer 170

It is a painless smooth swelling on the tognue related to large granular cells. Histologically it relates to hyperplasia in an odd way where it looks like it's invading other tissue

Answer 171

It is a clinical presentation that carry a risk of cancer development in the oral cavity whether in a clinically definable precursor lesion or in clincally normal oral mucosa.

Answer 172

It is a clinical presentation that carry a risk of cancer development in the oral cavity whether in a clinically definable precursor lesion or in clincally normal oral mucosa.

Answer 173

1. Tobacco 2. Alcohol 3. Betel-quid (tobaco in a different form) - bucal sulcus

Answer 174

1. Normal mucosa 2. Thin, smooth leukplakia 3. Thick, fissured, leukoplakia 4. Granular, verruciform leukoplakia 5. Red tissue - erytholeukoplakia

Answer 175

It is a predominantly white plaque of questionable risk having excluded other known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk of cancer

Answer 176

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is a progressive, persistent and irreversible disorder characterized by the presence of multiple leukoplakia that frequently become warty.

Answer 177

Erythroplakia is a predominantly fiery red patch that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other definable disease

Answer 178

A lichen Planus is a chronic inflammatory disorder of uknown etiology with characteristis relapses and remissions, displaying white reticular lesions, accompanied or not by atrophic, erosive and ulcerative and/or plaque type areas. Lesion are frequently bilaterally symmetrical. Desquamative gingivitis may be a feature.

Answer 179

This is an oral lichenoid lesion - which is similar to oral lichen planus but is usually around a single site. Usually associated with medications and go away when medication is stopped

Answer 180

Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic, insidious disease that affects the oral mucosa, initially resulting in loss of fibroelasticity of the lamina propria and as the disease advances, results in fibrosis of the lamina propria and the submucosa of the oral cavity along with epithelial atrophy. Associated with tobaco products that stay in the crevaces of the oral cavity for a long time

Answer 181

Actinic cheilitis is a disorder that results form sun damage and affects exposed areas of the lips, most commonly the vermillion border of the lower lip.

Answer 182

It is the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer.

Answer 183

1. Drop shaped rete pegs 2. Irregular eppithelial stratification 3. Loss of polarity in basal cells 4. Increased number of mitotic figures 5. SUPERFICIAL MITOSES

Answer 184

1. Nuclear pleomorphism 2.Cellular pleomorphism 3. Increased nuclear size

Answer 185

1. Mild (grade I) - dysplasia is in the first third of the pithelium 2. Moderate (grade II) - dysplasia entering the middle third of the epithelium 3. Severe (grade III) - dysplasia near the basal layer

Answer 186

It is when dysplasia that has been only registered in one layer of the tissue but is through out the whole layer - the epithelium have not yet created island in the connective tissue below thus the basal layer has not yet been breached

Answer 187

1. Observation: - Mangaing lifestyle risk factors - Regular follow-ups -Clinical risk assessment Excision - Cold-knife excision - Cryosurgery - CO2 laser ablation - Photodynamic therapy

Answer 188

1. Observation: - Mangaing lifestyle risk factors - Regular follow-ups -Clinical risk assessment Excision - Cold-knife excision - Cryosurgery - CO2 laser ablation - Photodynamic therapy

Answer 189

90% of the oral malignancies are from the oral mucosa and are squamous cell carcinomas

Answer 190

It is a carcinoma with a squamous differentiation arising from the mucosal epithelium

Answer 191

1. Tobacco 2. Alcohol 3. Betel-quid (tobaco in a different form) - bucal sulcus 4. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 5. Ultraviolet radiation

Answer 192

1. Loss of cell cycle control through loss of apoptosis proteins (p53) and up regulation of proliferation proteins - cell communication occurs 2. Invasion and metastasis - through breach of basement membrane and over expression of oncogenic enzymes - metastasis could be distant

Answer 193

RULE acronym: 1. Red/white 2.Ulcer 3.Lump Exceeding 3 weeks in duration

Answer 194

1. Non-healing extraction socket 2. Pigemented lesion (melanoma) with irregular borders

Answer 195

1. Lower lip 2. Tongue

Answer 196

1. Invasion of malignant epithelial 2. Localised tissue destruction like bone erosion - floating tooth on the radiograph (primary intraosennous carcinoma 3. Spread to the lymphatic system 4. Distant metastasis

Answer 197

It is a process of examining the degree of differentiation of cells Grade 1 - well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma Grade 2 - moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma Grade 3 - Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma Grade 4 - anaplastic - fucked The greater the grade the worst a prognosis

Answer 198

1. Direct extension into adjacent tissue 2. Perineural infiltration 3. Vascular invasion 4. Lymphatics

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Based on TNM system T is size N is invasion of surrounding tissue M is distant malignancies Minimum is Stage 1: T1N0M0 Max Stage 4 : Any M

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Stage 1 and 2 - around 50% over 5 years Stage 3 - 15-20% over 5 years Stage 4 - less than 5% over 5 years

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1. Initial diagnosis 2. Definitive treatment 3. Management of complications and monitoring

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1. Surgery 2. Radiotherapy 3. Chemotherapy 4. Combination of treatments above

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1. Detection of potentially problematic lesions and referral 2. Management role - for any other oral concern, including complications from treatment of oral cancer 3. Ongoing screening

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Radiation affect the ability of rapidly dividing cells to replicate, thus a tumour can not grow.

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Radiotherapy may also affect the salivary gland and mucosa - causing it to become atrophied and ulcerated

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1. Loss or atrophy of acini 2. Inflammation 3. FIbrosis 4. Dilation of ducts

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1. Endarteritis obliterans - destruction of blood vessels thus making the tissue depleted of oxygen and nutrients 2. Osteonecrosis 3. Infection and pain 4. Can be potentially life threatnening

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Radiation mucositis

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1. Oral mucositis is common 2. Salivary glands impairment 3. Increase the rate infections and decreased rate of healing due to supressed immunity

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1. Prevention of oral infections 2. Maintenance of oral hygiene - basic oral care 3. Supportive treatment

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1. Primary prevention - reducing the risk factors - tobacco control, healthy eating, reduced exposure to sunlight, inherited risks 2. Secondary prevention - early detection

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1. Apthous ulcers 2. Herpex simplex lesions 3. Trauma associated lesions 4. Migratory glossitis 5. Candidiasis infection lesions

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It is a process where multiple granulomas can be seen in the oral cavity. Associated with: Crohn's disease Leprosie TB

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1. Leukodema 2. Leukoplakia 3. Lichen Planus 4. Frictional keratosis 5. Oral squamous cell carcinoma

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1. Pyogenic granuloma 2. Haemangioma 3. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma 4. Erythroplakia 5. Oral squamous cell carcinoma

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1. Oral melanotic macule 2. Mucosal melanocytic naevus 3. Amalgam tattoo 4. Malignant melanoma 5. Smokers melanosis

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1. Haemangioma 2.Fibroepithelial polyp 3. Pyogenic granuloma 4. Peripheral giant cell granuloma 5. Calcifying fibroblastic granuloma

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1. Herpetiform ampthous ulcer 2. Mild amthous ulcer 3. Major ampthous ulcer 4. Traumatic acute ulcer 5. Traumatic chronic ulcer

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Squamous papilloma. An asymptomatic, solitary lesion that is associated with cauliflower like apperance

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Exaggerated growth of usually parakeratinsed benign squamous epithelium. Finger-like projections of epithelium with central cres of fibrovascular tissue

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Sometimes HPV can playe a role in oropharyngeal carcinoma - which is a basaloid subtype of squamous cell carcinoma.

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Genital warts in the mouth or Oral Condyloma Accuminatum. It is an infections lesion that can cause transmission through direct contact. It presents as a broad based pink nodule that grows and coalesce (come as one)

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1. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2. Hodgkin lymphoma

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Large ulceration, swelling, pain, paraesthesia and losse teeth Aetiology is unknowns

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They have a defused appearance

Oral pathology Flashcards

(249 cards)