Oxygenation

Question 1

Respiratory System Major Functions: 4

Answer 1

• Supplying o2 to the body
• Removing co2 and wastes
• Maintaining acid-base balance of the blood
• Maintaining heat exchange

Question 2

The respiratory system consists of:

Upper/lower airway made up of

Answer 2

Upper Airway
Nose
Mouth
Pharynx

lower Airway
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs

Question 3

Lung Structure

• Lungs
• Pleural membrane (what are the two membranes)
• Pleural cavity

Answer 3

Lungs- paired breathing organs located in the thoracic cavity
Each lung is in a SEPARATE cavity
Therefore if one lung collapses, the other can remain expanded
Contain the RESPIRATORY TREE

Pleural membrane- double layer serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung

• Parietal pleura– lines the inner walls of the thoracic cavity
• Visceral (organ) pleura– covers the lungs

Pleural cavity– space between the visceral and parietal layers
Creates a vacuum of negative pressure (holds the lungs against chest wall)
Contains small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane
Reduces friction + causes the 2 membranes to adhere together

Question 4

Lung Structure:

• What are the length, width, apex and base
• How are the lungs divided

Answer 4

Length- Extend from the diaphragm to just above the clavicles
Width- Lie between the ribs
The base of the lung is at the bottom and is broadest
The apex is at the top and is narrow

Lobes:
Left lung– has 2 lobes
Right lung– has 3 lobes

Question 5

Pathway of air
-what does the larynx contain 9

Bronchial tree - branching structure from trachea to bronchioles

Objects more likely to get trapped in right bronchus

dead space- space that is filled with air but not available for gas exchange (trachea + bronchi)

Alveolus- tiny air sac where exchange of 02 and C02 takes place

Surfactant- lines the inner walls of the alveoli (lowers surface tension & prevents the alveoli from collapsing)

Answer 5

1.Air enters the lungs via the NOSE or MOUTH
Nose warms, moistens and filters air

2.Air passes from the nose through the PHARYNX (throat)

3. Air then passes into the LARYNX (voice box)
   -Consists of thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) + cricoid cartilage (ring below)
   -Contains:
   Epiglottis - flap that covers the trachea when swallowing
   Vocal Folds- produce sound for speech by vibrating folds
4. After the larynx, air passes into the TRACHEA (windpipe) (Esophagus behind it)
   - Made of stacked C-shape cartilage to prevent collapse
   - Lined with mucus (traps particles) and cilia (sweeps particles upwards)
5. The trachea divides into the RIGHT & LEFT MAIN BRONCHI
   - Right is more vertical, shorter, & wider
   - Have incomplete rings of cartilage in their walls + lined with mucus and cilia

6.Within the lungs, the Right and Left bronchi divide into many smaller bronchi

7.The bronchi finally become BRONCHIOLES
Cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle in walls

8. Bronchioles divide into ALVEOLAR DUCTS, which are surrounded by numerous ALVEOLAR SACS
9. Alveolar sacs are made up of 2 or more ALVEOLI

Nose and mouth – Pharynx – Larynx – Trachea – Right and left bronchi – Bronchi – Bronchioles – Alveolar Ducts – Alveolar Sacs – Alveoli

Question 6

Vocal folds 3

Answer 6

Men have lower pitch due to vibrating slowly
Sound produced in vocal cords
Need face tongue lips to produce words

Question 7

Respiration- the process of gas exchange in the body, involves 3 basic steps:

Answer 7

Ventilation
Perfusion
Diffusion

Question 8

Ventilation

• What is it
• 2 parts

Answer 8

Ventilation- the process of moving gases in and out of the lungs
INSPIRATION- breathing in
EXPIRATION- breathing out

Air flow is due to PRESSURE changes