Part I Flashcards by Queenie Francisco

treatment usually to cancer using ionizing radiation

- referred as high energy x-rays

Radiation Therapy

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4 different intent of radiation therapy

Radical/Curative
Adjuvant
Neo Adjuvant
Palliative

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way of curing a cancer, often in combination with chemotherapy (ex. head/neck)

Radical/Curative

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in addition to curative surgery to reduce risk of local recurrence (ex. breast cancer)

Adjuvant

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to help symptom control (ex. incurable cancer)

Palliative

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prior to surgery to shrink tumor

Neo-adjuvant

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based in tertiary hospital

Radiotherapy Department

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T/F Radiation therapy is given as an outpatient (on weekdays)

True

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describe ionizing radiation

invisible
silent
pain free to receive

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2 Main Ways in Delivering Radiation Therapy

Photons and Electrons

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high energy x-rays - penetrate into deep body tissue and spare the overlying skin.
produce secondary electrons within tissue
cause damage in both cancer and normal cells

Photons (high energy x-rays)

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-damage DNA directly and deliver their dose superficially just below the skin surface

Electrons

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generally reserved for specific circumstances such as children with brain tumor
little dose is delivered to normal tissues
deliver to specific area

Protons

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absorbed dose is expressed as [ ]

Gray (Gy)

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series of small doses

Fractions

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Components related to Radiation Therapy

Consent
Immobilization
CT stimulator
Treatment Plan

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[component] discuss with patient all information about procedure

Consent

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[component] masks used for head and neck cancers and brain tumor patients

used to target the right spot
PERSPEX MASK, THERMOPLASTIC SHELL, VACUUM BAG

Immobilization

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[component] locate tumor

-makes use of tattoo to mark the reference point

CT stimulator

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[component] involves volume definitions

Treatment Plan

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volume definitions

a. gross tumour volume (GTV)
b. clinical target volume (CTV)
c. planning target volume (PTV)

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[volume definitions] margin of tumour we can see

Gross Tumour Volume (GTV)

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[volume definitions] margin of microscopic spread

Clinical Target Volume (CTV)

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[volume definitions] margin to take account of day to day variability and potential tumour motion

Planning Target Volume (PTV)

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- dependent on which part of the body is receiving treatment | - caused by transient damage damage to normal cells

Side Effects (Toxicity)

common toxicities associated with most radiation therapy treatment

Fatigue and Skin Reaction

T/F radiotherapy can cure secondary cancer cased by radiotherapy

False - There are many other treatments for cancer (hormonal, molecular etc.)

T/F UTI should be cured before radiation therapy for prostate cancer

True

occurs 6-8 weeks after radiation therapy progressive SOB and rough treated with high dose steroids and oxygen

Pneumonitis

therapy often used in curative/neo-adjuvant setting; makes radiation therapy more effective; increase toxicity

Chemo-radiotherapy

T/F 40% of cancer patients undergo radiation therapy

True

T/F Radiation therapy can be done outpatient

True

T/F Radiation therapy can be used for emergency treatment

True - for palliative patients in intense pain

T/F Radiation therapy is within 2mm of target

True

T/F Radiation therapy is invisible

True - ionization radiation is invisible

T/F Radiation therapy can cause burns

True

T/F Radiation therapy can cause secondary cancer

True

T/F Radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be done at the same time

True

1896

Becquerel discovered radioactivity

1898

Marie/Pierre Curie - discover radium

1903

- Nobel Prize for the Curies and Becquerel | - first successful case of malignancy basal cell carcinoma of face

November 8, 1895

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-ray

first x-ray was of [ ]

Bertha (wife) left hand

- first to recognize that radiation might cure cancer - med student in Chicago - peeling of hand due to exposure - 90 surgeries for multiple cancers

Emil Grubbe

1896 - first person treated with radiatio, carcinoma of breast

Rose Lee, 65

1901

everyone thought that radiation is the absolute cure for cancer

- found single dose and fractionated dose | - found out that if original dose will be fractionated or broken into smaller doses, less damaging to skin

Claude Regaud

(1920-1930) animal and animal part Claude Regaud experimented on

ram, scrotum

- early French Radiation Oncologist - pioneered the use of fractionated radiotherapy in a wide variety of tumour - impressive results in locally advanced laryngeal cancers in 1934

Henri Coutard

- 1938 - discovery of Co 60 isotope | - transuranium elements - 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Glenn Seaborg and Edwin M. McMilan

-October 27, 1951 - world's first cancer treatment with Cobalt 60

Dr. Harold E. John (1949)

first patient for cancer treatment with Cobalt 60

43 year old cervical cancer

- known for effectiveness, reliability and easy to use | - main radiotherapy machine

Cobalt 60

-capable of producing high energy deeply penetrate beams without excessive damage to skin and normal tissue

Linear Accelerators

developed first medical LINAC - 1956

Dr. Henry Kaplan and Edward Ginzton

first LINAC [year]

1953

first patient treated with LINAC [case and year]

1956, Gordon Isaac, 2 yr old with retinoplasma

discovered radioactivity in 1901

Antoine Henri Becquerel

discovered Pulonium and Radium

Marie Curie

[year] first brachytherapy

1901

- internal beam therapy | - radiation therapy of close proximity or within tumour

Brachytherapy

- external beam therapy | - LINAC, Co 60

Teletherapy

- delivered in tumor while surrounding tissues receive little to no radiation dose - attempts to deliver a tumoricidal dose to the tumor while minimizing damage in surrounding tissues - 3D info about patient's body is supplied by CT stimulation process

3D conformal Radiotherapy

- advanced term of 3D Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT) - sophisticated software and hardware to vary shape and intensity of radiation delivered to different parts of the tumor area

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy

-growing in popularity to widespread adoption of new LINAC which function both as treatment and imaging machines

Image Guided Radiation Therapy

anything that takes up space and has mass

Matter

- building blocks of matter | - have a diameter of 10⁻¹⁰m

Atoms

[mass/kg] | PROTON

1.67262 x 10⁻²⁷ or 1.673 x 10⁻²⁷

[mass/kg] | NEUTRON

1.67493 x 10⁻²⁷ or 1.675 x x 10⁻²⁷

[mass/kg] | ELECTRON

9.109 X 10⁻³¹

[mass/amu] | PROTON

1.00727(8)

[mass/amu] | NEUTRON

1.00866(7)

[mass/amu] | ELECTRON

0.000549

[charge relative] | PROTON

[charge relative] | NEUTRON

[charge relative] | ELECTRON

-1`

contains/determine identity of element and atomic mass

nucleus

mass of nucleus

99.95%

Part I Flashcards

(78 cards)