Pneumothorax
- Entry of air into pleural cavity breaks surface tension connecting visceral, parietal pleura
- Lung recoils, no longer expanded by expansion of the plural cavity
Cardiac tamponade
Excess fluid fills the pericardial cavity (potential space between parietal, visceral layers of serous pericardium), compresses the heart
Cryptorchidism
- Undescended testes
- Often unilateral
- Prevalence ~3%
Indirect Inguinal Hernia (Predisposing Factors, Pathway)
- Retention of processus vaginalis (more common in males)
- Origin lateral to inf epigastric vessels
- Intestine, parietal peritoneum get pushed through deep inguinal ring, canal, possibly through to scrotum
Direct Inguinal Hernia (Predisposing Factors, Pathway)
- Weakness of ant abdominal wall, especially in region of inguinal triangle
- Origin medial to inf epigastric vessels
- Pushes directly through stretched out abdominal wall, follows medial part of inguinal canal to superficial inguinal ring
- Herniated viscera lies parallel to spermatic cord, covered by parietal peritoneum, not within spermatic cord or its coverings
- Rarely enters scrotum
Femoral Hernia
- Loop of intestine pushes through femoral ring
- Bulge presents w/in femoral triangle, inferiolateral to pubic tubercle
- More common in females (wider hips -> larger subinguinal space)
Umbilical Hernia
- Protrusion of intestine through umbilicus
- Can be congenital or acquired due to increased intra-abdominal pressure
Flow of Ascitic Fluid
- If standing, pelvis and pouches
- If supine, paracolic gutters and hepatorenal recess
Flow of Ascitic Fluid
- If standing, pelvis and pouches
- If supine, paracolic gutters and hepatorenal recess
Paraesophageal Hiatial Hernia
- Less common hiatial hernia
- Pouch of peritoneum, part of fundus extends superiorly through esophageal hiatus
- Abdominal esophagus, cardia remain in normal position
- No regurgitation of stomach contents
Sliding Hiatial Hernia
- More common hiatial hernia
- Abdominal esophagus, cardia, parts of fundus slide superiorly through esophageal hiatus
- Regurgitation of stomach contents because cardia no longer clamped
Paraesophageal Hiatial Hernia
- Less common hiatial hernia
- Pouch of peritoneum, part of fundus extends superiorly through esophageal hiatus
- Abdominal esophagus, cardia remain in normal position
- No regurgitation of stomach contents
Sliding Hiatial Hernia
- More common hiatial hernia
- Abdominal esophagus, cardia, parts of fundus slide superiorly through esophageal hiatus
- Regurgitation of stomach contents because cardia no longer clamped
AP Crush Fracture (Mechanism, Effects)
- Force applied on both ant, post ends of pelvis
- Fracture of all four rami (straddle injury), possibly urethral or bladder rupture
AP Crush Fracture (Mechanism, Effects)
- Force applied on both ant, post ends of pelvis
- Fracture of all four rami (straddle injury), possibly urethral or bladder rupture
AP Crush Fracture (Mechanism, Effects)
- Force applied on both ant, post ends of pelvis
- Fracture of all four rami (straddle injury), possibly urethral or bladder rupture
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH)
- Hormones cause hypertrophy of the central prostate
- This enlargement can lead to compression of the urethra causing dysurea, naturea, pain
