Lauren Summer 2025 > PC: Presentations > Flashcards

PC: Presentations Flashcards

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1
Q

what causes acid reflux

A

LES (circular band of muscle around the bottom of the esophagus) becomes weakened or does not relax normally

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2
Q

acid reflux vs. GERD

A

acid reflux: backwash of acid into the esophagus

GERD: acid reflux becomes chronic and repetitive

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3
Q

signs/symptoms of acid reflux

A

heart burn
regurgitation
epigastric/thoracic pain
dysphagia/odynophagia
lump in throat
sore throat
chronic cough
inflammation of vocal cords
new/worsening asthma

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4
Q

acid reflux differential diagnosis

A

GERD
peptic ulcer disease
gastritis
functional dyspnea
pregnancy
hiatal hernia
medication triggers
heart attack
stomach cancer

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5
Q

tests to rule out acid reflux

A
  • proton pump inhibitors: if symptoms not improved → GERD not cause
  • esophagogastroduodenoscopy
  • barium swallow
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6
Q

tests to rule in acid reflux

A
  • upper endoscopy
  • 24 hr esophageal monitoring: pH < 4 indicative of GERD
  • esophageal manometry: GERD is LES pressure is low
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7
Q

diagnostic testing for acid reflux

A
  • CBC
  • H pylori
  • EGD: gold standard
  • barium swallow
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8
Q

physical therapy interventions for acid reflux

A

postural and breath training
activity modification
refer

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9
Q

risk factors for appendicitis

A

males, 10-30 y.o.

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10
Q

tests to rule out appendicitis

A

McBurney’s point

Rovsings sign

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11
Q

tests to rule in appendicitis

A

alvarado score

CT

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12
Q

appendicitis diagnostic tests

A

blood tests

urine tests

CT scan

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13
Q

physical therapy interventions appendicitis

A

general post-op management

acute care setting

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14
Q

Type 1 vs Type 2 vs. gestational diabetes

A

type 1: insulin absent –> exogenous insulin needed
type 2: insulin resistance
gestational diabetes: occurs when pregnant

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15
Q

diabetes differential diagnoses

A

GBS
CIDP
Lyme disease
cancer
charcot marie tooth
hypothyroidism
vitamin B1/12 deficiencies
alcohol abuse, heavy metals

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16
Q

diabetic neuropathy symptoms

A
  • blurry vision
  • urinating often
  • feeling more tired
  • irritability
  • slow healing sores
  • ketones
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17
Q

diabetes diagnostic criteria

A
  • Hb A1C > 6.5%
  • fasting plasma glucose: > 126
  • plasma glucose: > 200
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18
Q

distal symmetrical polyneuropathy symptoms

A

numbness, tingling, and/or pain in toes and gradually moves up

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19
Q

mononeuropathy symptoms

A

loss of sensation, paralysis, tingling, burning, and pain in area supplied by peripheral nerve

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20
Q

autonomic neuropathy symptoms

A

can cause dizziness and fainting because of sudden drop in BP, urinary problems, sexual difficulties, hypoglycemia, inability to regulate temperature, difficulty digesting food, exercise intolerance, or sluggish pupils

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21
Q

proximal neuropathy symptoms

A

begins with severe unilateral pain in back, hip, or thigh then spreads to the other side

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22
Q

tests to rule out diabetic neuropathy

A

EMG/NCV
renal/liver function tests
vibration perception

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23
Q

tests to rule in diabetic neuropathy

A

A1C (gold standard)
fasting glucose
glucose tolerance test
EMG/NCV
skin biopsy
monofilament test

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24
Q

screening tests for diabetic neuropathy

A
  • electromyopathy (gold standard)
  • nerve conduction studies
  • skin biopsy (gold standard)
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25
Virchow's triad
describes MOI that made a person more likely to develop a DVT - hypercoaguability of blood - alteration in blood flow in vessels - vessel wall injury
26
DVT differential diagnosis
- cellulitis - ruptured baker's cyst - superficial thrombophlebitis, thoracic outlet syndrome
27
tests to rule out DVT
homan's sign Well's CDR D-dimer ultrasound
28
tests to rule in DVT
well's CDR ultrasound
29
DVT diagnostic tests
ultrasound D-dimer
30
endometriosis
similar tissue to endometrium grows outside uterus → blood from ectopic endometrial tissue gets trapped → internal bleeding → inflammation, scar tissue, cysts
31
tests to rule out endometriosis
pelvic exams ultrasound MRI
32
tests to rule in endometriosis
**laparoscopy - gold standard** ultrasound MRI
33
tests to diagnose endometriosis
MRI ultrasound
34
symptoms of endometriosis
painful cramps during period back/abdominal pain heavy menstrual cycles GI symptoms infertility
35
endometriosis treatment
hormonal BC pelvic floor PT CV exercises, modalities
36
groin hernia
occurs when abdominal tissue pushes through a weak spot in the lower abdominal wall into the inguinal or femoral canal
37
inguinal vs. femora hernia
inguinal hernia: above inguinal ligament femoral hernia: below inguinal ligament
38
indirect vs. direct hernias
indirect: most common - passes through inguinal ring via patent processus vaginalis direct: pushes through a weakened area in the abdominal wall (Hesselbach's triangle)
39
differential diagnoses of groin hernias infants vs. adults
infants/children: hydrocele, undescended testicle adults: swollen lymph nodes, hematoma, lipoma, liposarcoma, femoral artery aneurysm
40
signs/symptoms of groin hernias
- visible/palpable bulge in groin or upper thigh - pain or discomfort with activity or straining - burning/aching sensation at bulge site
41
tests to rule out hernias
ultrasound, MRI
42
tests to rule in hernias
4 special tests - cough impulse test, deep inguinal ring occlusion test, Zieman's 3 finger test, invagination test MRI
43
hernia diagnostic tests
ultrasound, MRI
44
groin hernia treatment
pre-op management to improve core post op management
45
Herpes Zoster
- a viral infection that causes blisters and a painful rash (shingles) - acquired from the varicella zoster virus reactivating in the bodies of people who have had the chickenpox
46
signs/symptoms of herpes zoster
- unilateral rash - fever/chills - upset stomach - HA
47
internal vs. external risk factors of herpes zoster
> 60 family history immunosuppression physical trauma
48
herpes simplex virus
oral/genial vesicles, usually not dermatomal
49
impetigo
pustules with honey-colored crusts, often due to skin trauma or insect bites
50
contact dermatitis
localized skin reaction to allergens or irritants, improves with removal
51
dermatitis hepertiformis
symmetrical, itchy vesicles over elbows, knees, and buttocks (not dermatomal)
52
drug eruptions
allergic rash from medications, often widespread and symmetrical
53
tests to rule out herpes zoster
absence of nerve pain
54
tests to rule in herpes zoster
PCR, DFA, Tzanck smear, viral cultures
55
herpes zoster diagnostic tests
PCR, DFA, Tzanck smear, viral cultures
56
herpes zoster PT intervention
target postherpetic neuralgia with TENS, laser, ROM, strengthening
57
hypoythyroidism
thyroid gland does not produce or release enough thyroid hormones into the bloodstream
58
who is hypothyroidism common in?
5% of Americans >12
59
signs/symptoms of hypothyroidism
-dry skin -muscle weakness -bradycardia -cold intolerance -brain fog -fatigue -weight gain -constipation
60
hypothyroidism differential diagnosis
-goiter -addison's disease -cushing's syndrome -anemia -depression
61
tests to rule out hypothyroidism
TSH serum test
62
tests to rule in hypothyroidism
IV blood draws with thyroid panel
63
hypothyroidism diagnostic tests
TSH, T3, T4
64
osteomyelitis
infection of bone/bone marrow
65
signs/symptoms of osteomyelitis
- pain, discoloration, swelling, and warmth near site of infection - fever, chills - fatigue, malaise - nausea, vomiting
66
tests to rule out osteomyelitis
clinical S/S radiographs
67
tests to rule in osteomyelitis
probe to bone test sausage toes test MRI
68
diagnostic tests for osteomyeltis
x-ray, MRI, WBC's **bone biopsy (gold standard)**
69
differential diagnosis for osteomyelitis
charcot arthropathy arthritis metastatic bone disease fracture gout avascular necrosis bursitis sickle cell
70
positive symptoms of UMN lesion
spasticity hyperreflexia clonus babinski/hoffman spastic dystonia synkinesias pseudobulbar palsy: dysphagia, dysartria, facial weakness
71
negative symptoms of UMN lesion
weakness increased fatigue decreased motor control
72
UMN lesion differential diagnoses
injury vs. progressive condition UMN vs. LMN disorders
73
what are red flags you need to watch out for with UMN disorders
tone incontinence gait eye, face, throat difficulties hyper-reflexia spastic dystonia
74
tests to rule out UMN lesion
clinical signing, EMG/NCV
75
tests to rule in UMN lesion
Lhermitte sign, MRI, lumbar puncture
76
diagnostic tests for UMN lesion
CT, MRI, EMG/NCV
77
complicated vs. uncomplicated UTI
complicated: UTI's that are **difficult** to diagnose and treat due to other confounding variables uncomplicated: UTI's that lack the confounding variables, usually **easily** diagnosed/treated
78
recurrent vs. relapsing UTIs
recurrent: UTIs that have been **completely treated and resolved**, then reoccur due to another infection relapsing: UTIs that persist due to the **original infection not being fully eliminated** from the body
79
signs/symptoms of lower UTI
urgency/frequency, dysuria, hematuria pain in pelvic region, pain with intercourse, confusion/delirium
80
signs/symptoms of upper UTI
malaise, fever/chills, flank pain, confusion.delirum
81
UTI differential diagnosis
bladder stones, overactive bladder, herpes simplex infection, medication adverse effects, prostatitis
82
tests to rule out UTI
no good tests to rule out
83
tests to rule in UTI
Hx, urinalysis, **gold standard: urine cultures**
84
UTI diagnostic tests
cystoscopy, US, CT, radiographs, expanded urine cultures, PCR, NGS labs
85
UTI diagnostic tests
urine dipstick test - rules in urine culture (gold standard)
Lauren Summer 2025
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