physical development in infancy

Question 1

Babinski reflex

Answer 1

when you stroke the midline of a foot, the toes should span out. Almost like a tickle response, but tests for; neurological systems and muscular development

Question 2

what does it mean when a baby doesn’t have a good babinski reflex

Answer 2

• we are immediately concerned for the baby
  
  • is a highly canalized behavior and when we don’t see it, it is a sign that something is seriously wrong.

Question 3

planar/plantar reflex

Answer 3

when the digits are grasped with our hands, and the toes or fingers wrap around our hand

Question 4

planar/plantar reflex is?

Answer 4

• a basic reflex that a healthy baby should be born with
  
  • tells us the baby is healthy, and no matter what it is if a infants fingers wrap around our hand we have a biochemical response to it

Question 5

rooting

Answer 5

when something touches their face or near it. What happens is the baby tries to continue to move around until they find the source of the movement. Should be moving in any directly (maybe blindly)

Question 6

rooting is important for?

Answer 6

important for all mammals
- can be an attempt to find something to suck on

Question 7

moro

Answer 7

• a survival mechanism
  
  • is a full body startle response, and is typically measured using falls
    
    • a nurse may hold onto the baby with one hand, the other hand slightly below the baby, over and isolet and then drop and catch them to check for this response

Question 8

moro is what?

Answer 8

• if the baby is born early you may not see it at first. However, if a baby is born on time and you don’t see it right after birth you should be concerned

Question 9

what does the moro reflex look like

Answer 9

• the head will turn first and the mouth opens away then closes. Also to then see if they can grasp onto something will all of their limbs.

Question 10

the sucking relfex

Answer 10

• have the need to serve as a self-seeking or self-regulating mechanism. The babies have to coordinate their lips, tongue movements, and be able to figure out how to swallow and breathe all at the same time.
  
  • these all have to be done at the same time to suck effectively

Question 11

what happens is sucking doesn’t occur

Answer 11

• the baby is safer is other mothers or caretakers are also around
  
  • we want to assess this early. If they can’t suck they may later have speech problems.

Question 12

rage reflex

Answer 12

done by covering a babies face partially in a controlled scenario and location. Is a full body response, but the head, legs, and arms, are flailing uncontrollably and without coordination.

Question 13

without the rage reflex what will happen

Answer 13

• without this you are more likely to have sleep apnea, more likely to choke, more likely to roll onto your stomach and either not being able to breathe or flip over, second hand smoke which effects the fetus in utero.

Question 14

with rage reflex what does it cause to decrease

Answer 14

a decrease in the risk for sudden infant death

Question 15

self-regulation

Answer 15

‣ Being able to regulate their own behavior. Can been assessed in the first few days after birth. This can often predict later behaviors. Often tested right after birth because they are already mad. So what you do is just step back and watch. Waiting to see if they can calm themselves down, or if they need help calming down. ◦ May provide respiratory stress - just putting your hand on their chest to calm them. to an infant this provides warmth, and slight pressure (like using a weighted blanket). Physiologically this support will slowly start slowing down the heart rate. ◦ Sometimes they may need to be picked up and held. ◦ Often will need to be held, a tight swaddle, have a harder time being set down, or put down at night. * The Marshalls

Question 16

self-regulation may do what

Answer 16

◦ May provide respiratory stress
- just putting your hand on their chest to calm them. to an infant this provides warmth, and slight pressure (like using a weighted blanket). Physiologically this support will slowly start slowing down the heart rate.
◦ Sometimes they may need to be picked up and held.
◦ Often will need to be held, a tight swaddle, have a harder time being set down, or put down at night. * The Marshalls

Question 17

interactive behaviors

Answer 17

cuddliness
tracking
preference for faces

Question 18

interactive behaviors -tracking

Answer 18

having a sibling say an infants name from across a quiet room, the baby should look in that direction. Then having the sibling keep moving and do it.
- tests motor skills and auditory abilities

Question 19

interactive behaviors - preference for faces

Answer 19

• basic hard wired human behavior
  
  • babies like to see faces, and they should be looking towards them. They will have a preference for a face over something like a ball at this stage

Question 20

at infant age why do we not want to think about autism yet

Answer 20

because if someone develops autism it will not be properly represented at the infant age

Question 21

interactive behaviors - cuddliness

Answer 21

• Babies that are cuddly in the beginning tend to be a healthy baby in terms or
  muscle control and all other things.
  ◦A baby who’s cuddly may be one that people want to hold because they will
  stay cuddling for a while.
• Babies that are stiff (hypertonic) in their muscles will not be able to cuddle at first,
  some parents may feel a sense of rejection from the baby. Especially in the NICU in
  these it it’s important to find ways to hold them properly or swaddle them to help
  them relax and cuddle.

Question 22

cuddliness hypertonic versus hypotonic

Answer 22

◦May worry and cerebropalsy or other muscular issues
* (Hypotonic) the floppy babies
◦May worry about muscular dystrophy, but sometimes it is simply being premature or from birth trauma.

Question 23

birth to one year stage of life

Answer 23

Growth goes pretty quickly. Not seeing a baby you typically see int he first year of life even for a couple of weeks they will look very different

Question 24

age one to onset of puberty

Answer 24

In this stage until puberty it is more of a continuous consistent growth

Question 25

Cephalocaudal principle

Answer 25

◦There is an axis on increased growth extending from the head toward the feet - at first the head seems very big in proportion to the body, and is often why babies cannot at first hold their heads up

Question 26

Proximodistal principle

Answer 26

◦The process in proximodistal from the center or midline to periphery direction. Development proceeds from near to far - outward from central axis of the body towards the extremities - meaning that a baby will gain control over their trunk and core muscles before developing fine motor skills in their hands and fingers; essentially, development moves from "proximal" (near the center) to "distal" (further away from the center) parts of the body

Question 27

Cephalocaudal principle

Answer 27

The theory that there is an axis on increased growth extending from the head toward the feet

Question 28

Proximodistal principle

Answer 28

◦ The process in proximodistal from the center or midline to periphery direction. Development proceeds from near to far - outward from central axis of the body towards the extremities ‣ Things closer in will develop quicker. Hands and feet will develop the slowest.

Question 29

Size in brain development

Answer 29

- most of the size is already there, but some parts will get bigger through development

Question 30

Dendritic branching in brain development: - experience-expectant development

Answer 30

• Coming from parts of the brain that are hyper wired, ready for the experience knows it will happen. (Canalization) all members of our species should have it ready. • Language -> is an important factor that we will focus on. In the development of a primary language the brain expects us to be exposed to a language

Question 31

What is the primary part of the brain growing during the first year of life

Answer 31

- primarily the sensory sections develop - don’t let them be in front of technology or tvs too often. Letting them crawl around, feel their food, carrying them, letting them explore is all part of brain development which will lead to better learning

Question 32

Dendritic branching in brain development: - experience-dependent development

Answer 32

• Parts of the brain where there are no other connections. the theory that we can learns things even if the brain isn’t wired for it. • The development of a 2nd language, the brain is dependent on exposure to the environmental stimulus. Much harder to learn if we do not try to learn it until we have already reached adolescents.

Question 33

gross versus motor skills

Answer 33

Gross - the entire body - tend to develop quicker and form quicker more than fine motor skills Fine - only the hands or specific - tend to take much longer

Question 34

Myelinization

Answer 34

‣ Goes into talking about the myeline sheath. Think of it as laying down a thin fatty layer to strengthen the quickness to which things change and develop, Once something is completely myelinated you may not even know it has happened. • Also means that for infants to be healthy and be having good development, parents need to make sure that their babies diets are full of good, healthy fats, and proteins.

Question 35

Motor skills: gross

Answer 35

‣ Uncoordinated activities ‣ Rhythmic motor activities ‣ Coordinated activities

Question 36

Motor skills: fine

Answer 36

‣ Motor skills that develop slowly ‣ Tend to be a primary focus on hands

Question 37

Infant nutrition: breast feeding versus bottle feeding

Answer 37

‣ Breast feeding seems to have a lot of benefits on the moms health, to be easier, to be more cost effective. • Don’t judge for either one, a healthy baby is the best thing - know that there could be many reasons why someone may not breastfeed, this may be because of health issues, a premature baby who can’t latch, an allergy for the mother, not enough milk, breast cancer, can’t because of job, or even because of health issues or something like postpartum depression

Question 38

Infant nutrition: the effects on poverty

Answer 38

- bottle feeding can tend to be very expensive - if a mom is in poverty during the prenatal period the baby will also be feeling the poverty due to the living circumstances.