respiration > physiology 1/2 > Flashcards

physiology 1/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the 4 functions of the respiratory system are

A

Puppies In Snowy Garden

pH, Infection, Speech, Gas exchange

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2
Q

what direction dose the pulmonary artery go

A

Artery goes Away

A - A

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3
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary circulation

2

A

to deliver CO2 to the alveoli

to take O2 in the pulmonary veins back to the systemic circulation

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4
Q

how does this differ from the systemic circulation

2

A

the pulmonary circulation does not supply nutrients to the lungs

veins and arteries are the ‘‘wrong way around’’

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5
Q

when does speech occur

A

expiration

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6
Q

what is the average volume of oxygen exchanged a minute

A

250 ml

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7
Q

what is the average volume of CO2 exchanged

A

200 ml

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8
Q

where is URT/LRT divide

A

At the larynx after the vocal chords

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9
Q

why do healthy people at rest breath through their nose

2

A

don’t need excess air - don’t need mouth

nasal cavity warms and moistens air

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10
Q

where is the last point of NO gas exchange in the lungs

A

the terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

where is the first place of gas exchange where do these lead to

A

the respiratory bronchioles

the alveoli

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12
Q

what can contract to decrease airway diameter

A

bronchial smooth muscle

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13
Q

what happens when a airway is contracted

A

decreased diameter = increased resistance

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14
Q

what happens when a airway relaxes

A

increased diameter = decreased resistance

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15
Q

where is the most resistance to air flow

why??

A

the ‘‘conducting zone’’
(trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)

road analogy - big roads have lots of traffic where as small roads have less

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16
Q

what cells are present in an alveoli structure

A

type 1 pneumocytes
type 2 pneumocytes
endothelial cells of capillary, alveolar macrophages

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17
Q

what do type 1 pneumocytes do

A

make up the majority of alveolar cell walls

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18
Q

what do type 2 pneumocytes do

A

secrete the suricant that lines in the inside of the alveoli

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19
Q

what is anatomical dead space in relation to the respiratory system

A

space in which gas exchange cannot occur (i.e. the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles)

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20
Q

what role dose the mucosa play in the function of the respiratory tract? (3)

A

moistens air on inhalation

traps particles

larger area for cilia to act on (i.e macrophage escalator)

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21
Q

from what cells is mucosa produced

A

goblet cells

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22
Q

what is the name of your throat

A

pharynx

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23
Q

what small flap of tissue prevents food going down your trachea

A

epiglottis

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24
Q

what is the larynx

A

the voice box, contains vocal chords

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25
what does Boyles law state
that the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
26
what is a pleural cavity
the space on the ''inside of the balloon'' between the visceral and parietal pleura
27
what is pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
28
what pleural membrane toughs the lung
the visceral pleural membrane
29
what pleural membrane touches the ribcage
the parietal pleural membrane
30
what is inside the pleural cavity
intrapleural fluid
31
what is the function of the intrapleural fluid
to lubricate the lungs
32
what is the intrapleural pressure
P = -3 mmHg COMPARED TO ATMOPHERIC PRESSURE
33
what direction dose the elastic recoil pull the: - lungs - chest wall
the elastin within the lung tissue means that the lungs want to recoil inwards and the chest wall wants to spring outwards
34
what muscles are used for inspiration
Diaphragm External (BREATH OUT)Intercostal sternocleidomastoid (NECK - forced inspiration) Scalenes (raise ribs 1 and 2)
35
what muscles are used for expiration at rest
NONE!!! in a healthy person
36
what muscles are used during forced expiration
internal intercostal muscles abdominal muscles
37
what attaches lungs to the rib cage
the cohesive force between the two pleura due to the intrapleural fluid
38
what are the two ''handle'' motions of the ribs
Pump handle and bucket handle
39
what happens in a pneumothorax
when the intrapleural pressure (-3) is lost and the lung recoils to its unstretched size
40
what is P(A)
intra-thoracic alveolar pressure can be -VE or +VE compared to the atmosphere
41
what is P(ip)
intra pleural pressure can only be -VE
42
what is P(T)
it is always +VE as P(T) = P(A) - P(ip)
43
describe the pressure changes in the lungs during reparation
Pip decrease from -3 down during inspiration and back up to -3 during expiration PA fluctuates from -VE to a plateau then +VE going from inspiration to expiration
44
what happens when Patmos = PA
there is no air movement
45
what is the major determinant of airway resistance
the radii of the airways
46
what is the approximate volume of dead space (PER LUNG)
approximately 150ml
47
what is vital capacity
the MAX volume of air that can be shifted through a set of lungs
48
what is FEV1
Force Expired Volume over 1 second
49
what is the residual volume
the volume of air that cannot be expired
50
what is alveolar ventilation
the volume of fresh air getting into the alveoli - partaking in gas exchange
51
why is breathing only 70% efficient
due to the 30% of air in dead space
52
what does partial pressure state what doses this lead to
the sum of gasses = the pressure of the atmosphere PO2 and PCO2 being proportional to each other
53
what gas is one gas in the atmosphere we don't breath in
CO2
54
what is the innate gas that we breath in - what happens
nitrogen | it does nothing, unless you get decompression sickness (the bends)
55
what is surfactant
a detergent like fluid that mikes the air in with it, produced by type 2 pneumocytes
56
what dose surfactant do | 3
reduces surface tension on alveolar surface membrane increases Compliance and breathing is easier prevents alveolar collapse
57
where is surfactant more effective - why?
in smaller alveoli (nearer the top) | as the concentration is greater leading to more ''mixing''
58
when does surfactant production start/end - why is this important
starts at 25 weeks ends at 36 weeks premature baby might not have fully developed surfactant
59
what do premature babies develop due to surfactant production not being complete?
infant respiratory distress syndrome
60
what is high compliance
large lung volume increase for little P(ip) increase
61
what is low compliance
small lung volume increase for large P(ip) increase
62
in general what dose compliance suggest
the stretchability of the lung
63
what is Emphysema
loss of elastic tissue in the lung requires more work on expiration
64
what is fibrosis
stiffer tissue that increase the effort of inspiration lower compliance ''string that stops the elastic band from expanding''
65
where is the greatest change in lung volume in proportion to the change in P(ip)
at the base of the lung
66
what declines from base to apex of the lung
alveolar ventilation, compliance (due to being more compressed because of lung weight)
67
what is the difference in FRC between the alveoli in the base vs apex
the Functional Residual Capacity is higher in the alveoli in the apex due to their low compliance and lack of weight on them
68
what is FRC
Functional residual capacity is the volume of air left in the flung after passive tidal respiration
69
what is restrictive lung disease
restriction of lung expansion
70
what is obstructive lung disease - when?
obstruction of air flow - especially on expiration
71
what causes fibrosis tissue formation (2)
Idiopathic | Asbestos
72
what is a common lung function test
spirometry
73
what should a health FEV1/FVC be
80%
74
what is a fit healthy adult males FVC what would the FEV1 be
Forced Vital Capacity = about 5 litres about 4 litres
75
how can FEV1/FVC be misleading
restrictive lung disease can lead to the same percentage yet a lower volume
76
what is an adult males total lung capacity (PER LUNG)
approximately 3 litres each
77
which primary bronchi is slightly wider than the other
the right is wider shorter and slightly straighter
78
which si the first airway to loose their cartilaginous rings
bronchioles have no carilagnous rings
79
what goes between the alveoli/ normally in the interstisium - why
elastic fibres | increase recoil
80
why does inspiration occur
thoracic volume increases alveolar pressure decreases air rushes in = inspiration
81
during what stage of respiration is airflow resistance the greatest
during inspiration
82
what is the rough estimate for residual volume
1200ml
83
what is roughly tidal volume
500ml
84
when the word capacity is used
it means there are more than one volume combined
85
what is tidal volume
the volume of air breathed in and out after every breath
86
what is roughly the expiratory reserve volume
1100ml
87
what is the functional residual capacity
2300ml
88
what is the roughly inspiratory reserve volume
3000ml
89
what is roughly vital capacity
4600ml
90
what dose the graph of fibrosis look like
normal but long and stretched out
91
what does the graph of emphysema look like
a budge out the back showing extra work is required
92
what would obstructive spirometry be
worse % = 40
93
what would restrictive spirometry be
could be normal even good %= 90 jut not enough
respiration
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