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Physiology Lab Final Flashcards

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1
Q

osmosis

A

passive diffusion of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane

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2
Q

Solute

A

dissolved molecules

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3
Q

Solvent

A

fluid in which molecules are dissolved

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4
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

the force that moves water across a semipermeable membrane

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5
Q

Osmotically Active Particles

A

solute particles that cannot cross the membrane

Osmotically active particles exert the osmotic force on water

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6
Q

Isosmotic

A

The internal osmotic pressure of a cell is equal to the osmotic pressure inside the cell

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7
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

The osmotic pressure of the solution is less than the osmotic pressure inside the cell

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8
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

The osmotic pressure of the solution is greater than the osmotic pressure inside the cell

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9
Q

Isotonic

A

The solution outside the cell does not move water across the membrane

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10
Q

Hypertonic

A

The solution outside the cell pulls water out of the cell

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11
Q

Hypotonic

A

Water moves from the solution outside the cell into the cell

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12
Q

Crenation

A

When water moves out of a cell and the cell shrinks

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13
Q

Lysis

A

Cell bursting due to movement of water into the cell

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14
Q

Edema

A

excess fluid accumulation in the extracellular spaces leading to tissue swelling
caused by abnormal leakage of fluid out of the plasma or failure of the lymphatics to to return fluid back to the blood

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15
Q

Non Pitting Edema

A

excess fluid is either contained within the cells or gelled with the extracellular matrix composed of proteins, carbohydrates, and glycosamino glycans

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16
Q

Pitting Edema

A

sufficient excess fluid that it cannot be contained within the extracellular gel and is free floating in channels. When pressure is placed on an area of pitting edema, the fluid moves out of the way and a temporary pit is observed

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17
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

aka oncotic pressure
capillary colloid OP is due to the protein content of the blood
interstitial colloid OP is due to the protein content of the interstitial fluid

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18
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A

Caused by liver malfunction, inadequate protein intake, kidney disease, and burns
decreased blood protein leads to a decreased colloid osmotic pressure, leading to decreased fluid reabsorption at the venous end of the capillaries

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19
Q

Increased permeability of capillary walls

A

a cause of edema

due to widening of capillary pores as a result of histamine release in response to injury or allergy

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20
Q

Increased Venous pressure

A

caused by hypertension, venoconstriction, pregnancy, and congestive heart failure, resistance to fluid returning to the heart due to increased pressure within the heart (pulmonary edema), and gravity

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21
Q

Motor Unit

A

a single skeletal motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles it innervates

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22
Q

Power

A

work x time

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23
Q

Work

A

force x distance

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24
Q

What causes skeletal muscles to contract?

A

stimulated by Acetyl Choline release
as a result of electric shock
as a result of hypocalcemia (which allows voltage gated Na+ channels to open spontaneously)

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25
If it were possible to activate a single motor unit to give a twitch due to a single stimulus..
(motor unit action potential) We would still see a number of spikes as the muscle fibers that make up the motor unit are not equidistant from the surface electrodes. It may look like this: 1 1 1 1 1 1
26
If a single motor unit were stimulated by a sequence of action potentials, we would see...
(motor unit action potential train) an increased duration of spikes and a more sustained contraction as each muscle fiber experiences several action potentials. It may look like this: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
27
Spatial summation in Muscle Contraction
Multiple motor units within the same muscle will be activated at the same time (in proportion to the amount of strength needed) These motor units are likely to fire out of synchrony and create an EMG recording showing an increased frequency of spikes: 111111111111111 The amount of electricity recorded will depend on the frequency at which each individual motor unit fires and the number of units firing
28
Recruitment
As one performs increasingly strong contractions with the same muscle, we observe a specific sequence with which motor units join the contraction small motor units are the first to be recruited, followed by the larger motor units.
29
At 30% of maximum strength of the muscle..
all of the motor units have been recruited
30
Above 30% of maximum strength of the muscle
motor units must fire and contract at a higher frequency
31
For maximum muscle strength
there is an increased spike size, signifying multiple motor units firing at the same time. It would look like this: iIi iiIi IIiI
32
Fatigue
The first motor units to stop firing are the small motor units since they contain little glycogen as back-up. As fatigue sets in, there are fewer small spikes and a greater synchrony of firing, yielding some very large spikes (see lab manual p. 85 for more accurate representation) I i I I iI I
33
Rheobase voltage
minimum voltage requires to induce a muscle twitch
34
Chronaxie
the duration of time a stimulus, that is twice the voltage of Rheobase, must be applied to induce a twitch
35
Isometric contraction
no shortening | increased tension
36
Isotonic Contraction
shortening | no change in tension
37
Concentric Contraction
shortening | increased tension
38
Eccentric Contraction
lengthening | increased tension
39
DOMS
delayed onset muscle soreness due to micro-tears in the myofilaments and elastic elements no due to lactic acid, oxygen debt is repaid within a few hours of exercise
40
Visual Acuity
the ability to focus images on the retina due to: lens shape density of the cones within the region the image is focused on number of rods/cones reporting to a single ganglion cell
41
Optic Disc
blind spot | where axons from ganglion cells converge as the optic nerve and blood vessels pass through
42
Accomodation
change in the shape of the lens to focus images at different distances
43
Emmetropia
normal vision
44
presbyopia
lens loses elasticity with age, cant return to spherical shape leading to a harder time focusing on close objects
45
myopia
near sighted | the lens is too round, cannot focus on far away images
46
hypermetropia
far sighted | the lens is too flat, cannot bend the light rays enough to focus on close images
47
astigmatism
cornea is shaped irregularly
48
Dorsal Respiratory Group
In the medulla oblongata Activates skeletal motor pathways to inspiratory muscles during quiet breathing activates ventral respiratory group when more active breathing is required
49
Ventral Respiratory Group
In the medulla oblongata Activates the pathway to skeletal motor neurons that activate accessory inspiratory muscles Activates the pathway to skeletal motor neurons that activate expiratory muscles
50
Role of Medulla Oblongata chemosensory cells
measure CSF pH | activate DRG when pH is too low
51
Astrocytes
may be chemosensory cells
52
Input to Medulla Oblongata from periphery
carotid and aortic bodies- chemosensory carotid sinus and aortic arch- baroreceptors Hering Breuer Reflex- stretch receptors in the lungs
53
Peripheral Chemosensory cells
carotid and aortic bodies respond most strongly to changes in CO2 then to changes in pH least responsive to changes in O2
54
Oxygen bound to hemoglobin
97%
55
Apneustic Center
sets the rhythm for normal quiet breating
56
Apneustic center activates
DRG | Pneumotaxic center
57
Apneustic center recieves input from
Reticular activating system Reticular inhibiting system may spontaneously depolarize and set its own rhythm
58
Pneumotaxic Center
inhibits the apneustic center without input from the apneustic center, the pneumotaxic center stops firing and allows the apneustic center to start firing again
59
Without inhibition from the pneumotaxic center
the apneustic center causes prolonged inspiration followed by short expiration hering breuer reflex may contribute to stopping inhalation
60
Pneumotaxic center excitation
rapid RR with shorter breaths
61
Pneumotaxic center inhibition
prolonged deeper breathing
62
Epigenetics
any lasting change in gene expression mediated by alteration in chromatin structure
63
Chromatin
DNA plus proteins
64
Histones
proteins that DNA is wrapped around | can make a sections of DNA available or unavailable for transcription
65
Transcription Factors
proteins that can bind to DNA at promotor or enhancer sites and alter the shape of the DNA
66
What regulates transcription factor activity?
Many primary messenger molecules such as Neuropeptides, Hormones and Cytokines, regulate gene transcription. Some, such as steroid hormones bind directly to transcription regulating proteins (a.k.a. hormone receptors) that bind to regions of DNA called hormone response elements
67
Noncoding DNA
90% of the genome DNA that is not transcribed to RNA has sites for transcription factor binding
68
Noncoding DNA mutations have been found to increase a persons risk for developing:
coronary artery disease prostate and colorectal cancer extra fingers and toes excessive inflammations
69
Methylation of a histone
reversibly silences a gene
70
Methylation of DNA
permanently silences a gene | often occurs at clusters or islands of cytosine that commonly occur within gene promoters
71
Activating marks
methylation acetylation phosphorylation histone remodeling complexes

Physiology (1 decks)

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