phytochemicals

Question 1

what are the 4 phytochemical classes?

Answer 1

1. nitrogen compounds
2. organic acids, lipids and related compounds
3. terpenoids compounds
4. phenolic compounds

Question 2

what are the 4 subclasses of the phenolic compounds class?

Answer 2

1. flavonoid pigments
2. anthocyanins
3. flavonols and flavones
4. tannins

Question 3

what are the 3 subclasses of the terpenoid compounds class?

Answer 3

1. essential oils
2. triterpenoids and steroids
3. carotenoids

Question 4

what is the subclass of organic acids, lipids and other related compounds class?

Answer 4

sulfur compounds

Question 5

what is the subclass of nitrogen compounds class?

Answer 5

alkaloids

Question 6

how to recognize a phenolic compound

Answer 6

aromatic ring + OH

Question 7

how to recognize flavonoid pigments

Answer 7

6-3-6 carbon rings

general structure of 15 carbon - 2 phenyl rings and 1 heterocyclic ring

Question 8

how to recognize anthocyanins

Answer 8

have the 6-3-6 + OH on position 5, 3, 4’

Question 9

which are the flavonols?

Answer 9

kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin

Question 10

which are the flavones?

Answer 10

apigenin and luteolin

Question 11

how to recognize flavanols

Answer 11

have structure of anthocyanin + 7-OH + double bond O at position 4

Question 12

how to recognize flavones

Answer 12

same as flavonols but lack 3-OH

Question 13

what are condensed tannins?

Answer 13

condensation of single catechin of gallocatechin

Question 14

what are the 2 types of hydrolysable tannins?

Answer 14

1. gallic tannins (glucose in the middle with 5 gallic acids

2. ellagic tannins

Question 15

what’s the difference between terpenes and terpenoids

Answer 15

terpene DOES NOT contain oxygen, just carbon and hydrogen

Question 16

isoprene

Answer 16

5 carbons (1 isoprene unit)

Question 17

monoterpenoids

Answer 17

10 carbons (2 isoprene units

Question 18

sesquiterpenoids

Answer 18

15 carbons (3 isoprene units)

Question 19

diterpenoids

Answer 19

20 carbons (4 isoprenes)

Question 20

which are the essential oils?

Answer 20

1. monoterpenes (10C)

2. sesquiterpenes (15C)

Question 21

what are the 4 groups of triterpenes (C30)

Answer 21

1. true triterpenoid => squalene
2. steroids (squalene is the precursor for all steroids)
3. saponins (water soluble carbohydrate chain _ fat soluble triterpene)
4. cardiac glycosides

Question 22

what are the 3 classes of alkaloids?

Answer 22

1. true alkaloids contain nitrogen in the heterocyclic ring + originate from AA)
2. protoalkaloids (simple amine in which AA nitrogen is not in heterocyclic ring
3. pseudoalkaloids (do not originate form AA)