Potpourri

Question 1

Hepatitis C virus
1. Type of virus
2. Family
3. Does it cause cancer?

Answer 1

1. Enveloped ssRNA virus
2. Flaviviridae [think flava-flav has a wild lifestyle as a SINGLE Rapper (ssRNA) and might have hep C]
3. Less so than HepB. HepC causes cirrhosis, w hich can lead to liver cancer.

Question 2

Hepatitis B virus
1. Type of virus
2. Family
3. Does it cause cancer?

Answer 2

1. Enveloped dsDNA with protein capsid
2. Hepadnaviridae [think hepa- DNA - virus]
3. Yes - leading cause of liver cancer in the US (hepatocellular carcinoma)

Question 3

What virus is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma?

Answer 3

Epstein-Barre Virus

*Part of the Herpesviridae family, an enveloped double stranded DNA virus

Question 4

What is the translocation in Burkitts?
Which protein is overexpressed?
(REPEAT)

Answer 4

[t(8;14)]
Myc

• reciprocal chromosome translocation, t(8;14), involving the heavy chain locus on chromosome 14 and the c-myc oncogene on chromosome 8, characteristic of the B-cell malignancies Burkitt’s lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Question 5

What virus is associated with leukemias and lymphomas?

Answer 5

HTLV

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1

Question 6

What type of virus is HTLV?

Answer 6

Retrovirus
Enveloped ssRNA (same as HIV)

Question 7

What is the structure of retroviruses?

Answer 7

3 major coding domains
* Group specific antigen (gag) - proteins for capsid, matrix
* pol - reverse transcriptase and integrase, produce viral DNA and inegrate it into the host
* env - viral envelope proteins, associated with entry of virions into the host cell

** RNA template + reverse transcriptase + integrase **

Question 8

What are the basic steps of angiogenesis?
(duplicating for another pretty picture)

Answer 8

1. Degradation of capillary basement membrane
2. Tip cell sprouting
3. Endothelial cell migration and proliferation
4. Tubulogenesis
5. Vessel fusion/pruning
6. Pericyte stabilization

Question 9

What are the basic steps of angiogenesis?
(duplicating for another pretty picture)

Answer 9

1. Degradation of capillary basement membrane
2. Tip cell sprouting
3. Endothelial cell migration and proliferation
4. Tubulogenesis
5. Vessel fusion/pruning
6. Pericyte stabilization

Question 10

What cancers can have elevated values of Ca 125?

Answer 10

Pancreas, colon, lymphoma, ovary, breast

NOT melanoma

Question 11

Criteria for Amsterdam II for Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC)

Answer 11

1. At least 3 relatives with an HNPCC-associated cancer (colorectal cancer, cancer of the endometrium, small bowel, ureter, or renal pelvis)
2. One should be a first-degree relative
3. At least 2 successive generations affected
4. At least 1 diagnosed before age 50

Some guidelines say: Familial adenomatous polyposis should be excluded in the colorectal cancers

Tumors should be verified by pathological examination

Question 12

What medical belief is aligned pt wanting to do 5th line chemo after bowel obstruction?

A Justice
B Autonomy
C nonmalificience
D beneficience

Answer 12

Autonomy

Beneficence (doing good)
Non-maleficence (to do no harm)
Autonomy (giving the patient the freedom to choose freely, where they are able)
Justice (ensuring fairness)

Question 13

Brain radiation: which is not a side effect?

A hair loss
B seizures
C HA
D cerebral hemorrhage

Answer 13

cerebral hemorrhage

Question 14

Most common ovarian malignancy in young women?
A) juvenile granulosa cell
B) sertoli leydig
C) borderline

Answer 14

Borderline

Question 15

Best way to diagnose Lynch syndrome (for someone that meets criteria)?

Answer 15

Genetic testing

Question 16

1 mg tumor = how many cells

Answer 16

10^6
= 1 million

Question 17

1 cubic cm tumor = how many cells

Answer 17

10^9

= 1 billion

Question 18

What is quality assurance?

Answer 18

Systematic process that ensures products, services, or processes meet specific quality standards.

Question 19

When can you forgo consent on an IRB?

Answer 19

1. Minimal risk
2. Would not adversely affect rights and welfare of subject
3. Research could not be practicably carried out without the waiver
4. Whenever appropriate, subject provided with additional pertinent information after participation

Question 20

What are the four pillars of medical ethics?

Answer 20

1. Autonomy – respect for the patient’s right to self-determination (consent, privacy, confidentiality)
2. Beneficence – obligation of physician to act for the benefit of the patient
3. Non-Maleficence – obligation of a physician not to harm the patient
4. Justice – fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of persons (non-discrimination)

Question 21

Recognize a psammoma body

Answer 21

Associated with papillary serous tumor of the uterus and ovary

Question 22

Call-Exner body

Answer 22

Granulosa cell tumor
Coffee bean nuclei
“CALL your GRANny for some coffee”

Question 23

Identify this structure

Answer 23

Psammomma bodies

Associated with papillary serous tumor of the uterus and ovary

Question 24

Identify this structure

Answer 24

Granulosa cell tumor
Call Exner Body
Coffee bean nuclei

“CALL your GRANny for some coffee”