problems

Question 1

OTCs

Answer 1

• histamine receptor antagonists (not reverse reaction, just stop histamine’s response)
• argue that a molecule acting like an OTC/benadryl
• counters symptoms caused by histamine release (itching/watery eyes/runny nose)

Question 2

what does green tea do?

Answer 2

• has EGCG: found in green tea, acts directly on HDC enzyme
• also inhibits AChE = increase of ACh
• can inhibit monamine oxidase = slower termination of dopamine
• inhibits DAO = slow down termination of histamine

Question 3

what cells make histamine?

Answer 3

• mast cells (connective/mucousal tissue): paracrine
• basophils
• enterochromaffin-like (ECL-like): stimulates gastric secretion
• neurons: neurotransmitters

Question 4

if someone has stomach issues, what could the issue be?

Answer 4

over-production or under-termination of histamine in ECL cells

Question 5

what could prevent release of granulated molecules?

Answer 5

molecule X inhibits ATPase or VMAT (OR modulates it)

Question 6

stimuli that causes degranulation

Answer 6

• physical: injury, heat, x-rays, UV rays
• chemical agents: snake venoms, bee venoms, drugs, detergents
• most clinically important: antigens

Question 7

if someone’s symptoms to histamine release lasted a very short time compared to another, wht could u argue? and histamine amnts are same in both people.

Answer 7

• say that they had less leukotrienes
• leukotrienes make impacts of histamine stable/last longer
• with less leukotrienes, the onset of histamine symptoms will be more sudden and last for less time
  OR
• one person has more active histamine receptors
  OR
• one person’s histamine receptors were modulated to increase efficacy of histamine when it does bind

Question 8

what is a graph showed an exponential increase in response to histamine? or one animal’s tissue didn’t show as much of a response to a drug that acts on histamine receptors?

Answer 8

• an animal was very stressed/tissue extracted from it brutally OR one animal farm didn’t treat animal properly = release of substance P by nerve cells
• substance P = release of histamine which causes more substance P = loop
• bc increase in histamine = competition

Question 9

which histamine receptor leads to the inhibition of neurotransmitters?

Answer 9

H3 receptors: also decrease cAMP

Question 10

which receptor causes: vascular permeability/oedema, platelet aggregation, bronchoconstriction, cytokine-chemokine production, adhesion molecule production (inflammatory cell migration)

Answer 10

H1

Question 11

which receptor causes: increase in heart rate/cardiac output, gastric acid secretion, cytokine-chemokine production, adhesion molecule production/inflammatory cell migration

Answer 11

H2

Question 12

which receptor causes: neurotransmission

Answer 12

H3

Question 13

which receptor causes: chemotaxis, cytokine-chemokine production, immunomodulation, adhesion molecule production/inflammatory cell migration

Answer 13

H4

Question 14

wht if no H3 autoreceptors and it doesn’t shut off???