1
Q
The tendency to believe, after an outcome is known, that you “knew it all along.”
A
hindsight bias
2
Q
The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of your knowledge or judgments.
A
overconfidence
3
Q
Uncontrolled factors that could affect the results of an experiment, making it unclear which variable caused the outcome.
A
confounding variables
4
Q
The variable that is manipulated by the researcher.
A
independent variable
5
Q
The variable that is measured; it depends on the independent variable.
A
dependent variable
6
Q
A statistical method that combines results from many studies to find overall trends.
A
meta-analysis
7
Q
A measure that describes the center of a data set (mean, median, or mode).
A
central tendency
8
Q
A measure of how spread out data are from the mean.
A
Standard Deviation
9
Q
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population being studied.
A
representative sample
10
Q
A sample made up of participants who are easy to reach (may be biased).
A
convenience sample
11
Q
When participants experience changes because they believe they are receiving a treatment, even if they are not.
A
placebo effect
12
Q
The tendency to give answers that make oneself look good rather than answering honestly.
A
social desirability
13
Q
A result that is unlikely to have occurred by chance, usually set at p ≤ .05.
A
statistical significance
14
Q
A committee that reviews research to ensure it is ethical and protects participants.
A
institutional review board
15
Q
Participants must be told enough about a study to decide whether to participate.
A
informed consent
16
Q
A child’s agreement to participate in research, with parental consent also required.
A
informed assent
17
Q
Researchers must minimize physical and psychological harm to participants.
A
protection from harm
18
Q
Participants’ personal data and identities must be kept private.
A
confidentiality
19
Q
When participants are intentionally misled about aspects of a study (only allowed if justified).
A
deception
20
Q
Explaining the true purpose of the study to participants after it ends, especially if deception was used.
A
debriefing
21
Q
The genetic transmission of physical and psychological traits from parents to offspring.
A
heredity
22
Q
An inherited tendency to develop certain traits or behaviors under specific conditions.
A
genetic disposition
23
Q
Research comparing identical and fraternal twins to determine the influence of genetics vs. environment.
A
twin studies
24
Q
Research comparing adopted individuals with their biological and adoptive families to separate genetic and environmental influences.
A
Adoption studies
25
The process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed on.
natural selection
26
Neurons that carry outgoing signals from the brain to muscles and glands.
motor neurons
27
The minimum stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse.
threshold
28
A brief electrical charge that travels down a neuron’s axon when the threshold is reached.
action potential
29
A group of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory.
limbic system
30
forms and stores new memories
hippocampus
31
Thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.
corpus callous
32
Regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, sex drive, and hormones.
hypothalamus
33
Decision-making, planning, personality, and voluntary movement.
frontal lobe
34
Processes touch and body position.
parietal lobe
35
Hearing and language comprehension
temporal lobe
36
vision processing
occipital lobe
37
The brain’s ability to change and reorganize itself after injury or through experience.
plasticity
38
processes emotions, especially fear and aggression
amygdala
39
Controls speech production.
broca's area
40
Responsible for language comprehension.
wernicke's area
41
The body’s natural 24-hour sleep–wake cycle.
circadian rhythm
42
Disruption of circadian rhythm caused by rapid travel across time zones.
jet lag
43
The tendency to have increased REM sleep after being deprived of it.
REM rebound
44
Persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep.
insomnia
45
Dream theories: Dreams express unconscious desires
Freud's wish fulfillment
46
Dream theories: dreams help process memories
informationa proccessingf
47
Dream theories: activation synthesis
Brain makes sense of random neural activity
48
Dream theories: cognitive development
dreams reflect brain maturation
49
Light sleep
NREM-1
50
deeper sleep, sleep spindles
NREM-2
51
Deep sleep, slow wave sleep
NREM-3
52
Vivid dreaming, paralysis
REM
53
The just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.
webers law
54
The ability to respond to visual stimuli without consciously seeing them.
blindsight
55
Different pitches activate different places on the cochlea.
Place theory
56
Pitch is determined by the rate of nerve impulses.
Frequency Theory
57
Neurons alternate firing to process high-frequency sounds.
Volley theory
58
The sensory system responsible for smell.
Olfactory system
59
Sensation or pain felt in a missing limb.
Phantom Limb
60
Specialized cells that detect sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami flavors.
taste receptors
61
The theory that the spinal cord contains a “gate” that blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain.
gate control theory
62
Analysis that begins with sensory input and builds up to perception.
bottom-up processing
63
Using prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret sensory information.
top-down processing
64
The idea that we perceive objects as whole patterns, not just individual parts.
gestalt psychology
65
The tendency to fill in gaps to perceive a complete image.
closure
66
Objects that are close together are perceived as part of the same group.
proximity
67
A depth cue where parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.
linear perspective
68
The ability to focus on one conversation in a noisy environment.
cocktail party effect
69
Failure to notice changes in the environment.
change blindness
70
A mental framework that organizes and interprets information.
schema
71
Adjusting schemas to fit new information.
accommodation
72
Interpreting new information using existing schemas.
assimilation
73
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.
algorithms
74
Mental shortcuts used to solve problems quickly.
heuristics
75
Judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind.
availability heuristic
76
The tendency to solve problems using strategies that worked in the past.
mental set
77
Activation of certain associations before a task.
priming
78
How an issue is presented influences decisions.
framing
79
The belief that past random events affect future ones.
gambler's fallacy
80
Continuing a behavior because of previous investments.
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
81
Generating many possible solutions.
divergent thinking
82
Narrowing down to one correct solution.
convergent thinking
83
Getting information into memory.
encoding
84
Maintaining information over time.
storage
85
Accessing stored information.
retrieval
86
Conscious memories of facts and events.
explicit memory
87
Memory of personal experiences.
episodic memory
88
Memory of facts and general knowledge.
semantic memory
89
Unconscious memory (skills, priming).
implicit memory
90
working memory model:
Central Executive: directs attention
Phonological Loop: verbal/auditory info
Visuospatial Sketchpad: visual/spatial info
Episodic Buffer: integrates info
91
Information flows from sensory → short-term → long-term memory.
multi-store model
92
Unconscious encoding (time, space, frequency).
automatic processing
93
Requires attention and rehearsal.
effortful processing
94
Deeper processing = better memory retention.
levels of processing model
95
Grouping information into meaningful units.
chunking
96
Memory aids (acronyms, imagery).
mnemonic devices
97
Cramming information at once.
massed practice
98
Spacing study sessions over time.
distributed practice
99
Better recall of first (primacy) and last (recency) items.
serial position effect
100
Loss of memories from before injury.
retrograde amnesia
101
Inability to form new memories.
anterograde amnesia
102
Inability to recall early childhood memories.
infantile amnesia
103
Identifying information previously learned.
recognition
104
Better memory after active retrieval practice.
testing effect
105
Thinking about one’s own thinking and learning.
metacongntion
106
Information never enters long-term memory.
encoding failure
107
Blocking out traumatic memories (psychodynamic).
repression
108
Forgetting the origin of information.
source amnesia
109
The process of stabilizing memories.
memory consolidation
110
Memories altered by misleading information.
misinformation effect
111
A test measures what it claims to measure.
construct validity
112
A test accurately predicts future performance.
predictive validity
113
Consistency of test results over time.
test-retest reliability
114
Fear of confirming negative stereotypes.
stereotype threat
115
Improved performance when a positive stereotype applies.
stereotype lift
116
The rise in average IQ scores over time.
Flynn effect
117
Belief that intelligence is unchangeable.
fixed mindset
118
Belief that intelligence can develop through effort.
growth mindset
119
Changes that occur as a person ages over time.
chronological development
120
The study of physical, cognitive, and social changes from conception to death.
lifespan development
121
The debate over whether traits remain consistent or change across the lifespan.
stability and change
122
The influence of genetics (nature) versus environment and experience (nurture).
nature vs nurture
123
Development is gradual and ongoing, with no distinct stages.
continuous development
124
Development occurs in distinct stages with sudden changes.
discontinuous development
125
Harmful substances or factors that can damage a developing embryo or fetus.
teratogens
126
A condition caused by alcohol exposure before birth, leading to brain damage and physical abnormalities.
fetal alcohol syndrome
127
Decreased response to repeated stimulation.
habituation
128
Precise movements using small muscles (e.g., fingers).
fine motor coodination
129
Large muscle movements (e.g., walking, crawling).
gross motor coodinattion
130
Turning head toward a touch on the cheek.
rooting reflex
131
Toes fan upward when the sole of the foot is stroked.
babinksi reflex
132
Startle response; infant throws arms outward.
moro reflex
133
Toes curl downward when the sole is touched.
plantar reflex
134
Infant makes swimming motions in water.
swimming reflex
135
Infant makes walking motions when feet touch a surface.
stepping reflex
136
A specific time during development when certain experiences must occur for normal development.
critical period
riley
flashcards
Decks in class (58)
# Cards
-
dynamics of health46
-
dynamics of health care 224
-
dynamics of health care 322
-
chemistry20
-
dynamics of health care chapter 622
-
amendments34
-
dynamics of health care chapter 729
-
dynamics of health midterm91
-
chem midterm57
-
History midterm88
-
dynamics of health ethics21
-
math test 😵4
-
history quiz 5/517
-
history test 5/1542
-
chem 5/2928
-
anatomy chapter 126
-
anatomy epithelium20
-
anatomy connective tissue23
-
anatomy practical16
-
anatomy chapter 4 test50
-
dramatic features in Macbeth22
-
anatomy test muscles18
-
anatomy mid term98
-
med term midterm113
-
anatomy intro to nervous system quiz20
-
English language and literary terms77
-
anatomy meninges and CNS review27
-
cranial nerves quiz35
-
anatomy nervous system test43
-
anatomy blood review16
-
med term integumentary system32
-
anatomy heart and blood flow quiz21
-
cardiovascular system anatomy test30
-
poet terms61
-
male reproductive system review16
-
female reproductive system21
-
reproductive system test33
-
anatomy final52
-
psych quiz 9/1077
-
bio med quiz23
-
psych quiz drugs and neurotransmitters43
-
bio med ear quiz18
-
psych 1.5 abc49
-
psych 1.6 test118
-
psych quiz cognitive unit28
-
bio med quiz 12/512
-
psych quiz 12/1841
-
psych quiz 2.7-2.826
-
biomed quiz 1/1313
-
biomed midterm119
-
PSYCH MIDTERM136
-
bio-med triage terms21
-
psych 3.3-3.438
-
biomed er and triage quiz17
-
psych test 3/292
-
psych quiz 4.1-4.4e52
-
environmental test 3/3123
-
psych 3/3143
