Psychology paper 1 > Research Methods- designing research✅ > Flashcards

Research Methods- designing research✅ Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable which can be changed

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2
Q

Dependant variable

A

Variable that can be measured

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3
Q

Extraneous variable

A

‘Nuisance variable’ which should be controlled as it affects the dv

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4
Q

Confounding variable

A

Variable that isn’t the iv but can affect dv can change within the iv but can’t be controlled

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5
Q

Four types of experimental methods

A

Lab experiment
Field experiment
Natural experiment
Quasi experiment

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6
Q

Lab experiment

A

Controlled artificial environment

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7
Q

Advantages of lab experiment

A 
Controlled 
Can manipulate Iv 
Can establish cause and effect 
DV can be measured 
No external factors
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8
Q

Disadvantages of lab experiment

A

Lacks ecological validity
Can generalise to social settings
Population validity

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9
Q

Field experiment

A

Natural environment

DV measured

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10
Q

Advantages of field experiment

A

Has ecological validity
Natural environment
Can be generalise to real life

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11
Q

Disadvantages of field experiment

A

Might not be able to control EV

Can’t establish cause and effect

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12
Q

Natural experiment

A

Controlled naturally, can’t manipulate IV

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13
Q

Advantages of natural experiment

A

High ecological validity and external validity

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14
Q

Disadvantages of natural experiment

A

Less chance of establishing cause and effect

Control is less so more risk of EV’s

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15
Q

Quasi experiment

A

IV are pre existing often carried out under controlled conditions
Not a true experiment

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16
Q

Advantages of quasi experiment

A

Establish cause and effect
Control of EV’s
More likely to be able to replicate

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17
Q

Disadvantages of quasi experiment

A

Increased risk of confounding variables

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18
Q

Demand characteristics

A

A cue that makes participants unconsciously aware of the aims of a study or helps participants work out what the researcher experts to find

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19
Q

Investigator effects

A

Something that the investigator does that effects participants performance

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20
Q

Mundane realism

A

Refers to how a study mirrors the real world

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21
Q

Self report

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A

When a person reports on their own feelings thoughts or behaviours themselves

22
Q

Types of Self report techniques

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A

Questionnaires

Interview

23
Q

Qualitative data

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A

Data focuses more on words

24
Q

Quantitive data

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A

Focuses more on numbers

25
Open questions
Questions that invite respondents to provide their own answers rather than select what's provided
26
Closed questions
Questions that have a predetermined range of answers where the respondents select one
27
Advantages and disadvantages of open questions
Can expand on their answers, can provided unexpected answers to allow researchers gain new knowledge about people's thoughts People who are less literate may find open questions difficult to answer Can produce quantitive data which are more difficult to summarise, some info may be irrelevant
28
Advantages and disadvantages of closed questions
Limited range of answers and produce quantitative data makes data easier to analyse May have to be forced to respond with answers that aren't true that aren't their real thoughts meaning it will lack validity Not enough choice
29
Strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires
Easy, can be distributed to a large scale of people cheaply and quickly, may feel more confident to reveal personal info Take a lot of time to design, only filled in by people who can read or write and who are willing to spend time to fill them in, so it's sample is bias
30
Types of interview
Structured and unstructured
31
Structured interview
Any interview in which questions are decided in advance
32
Unstructured interview
Starts out with some general aims and possibly some questions, and let's the interviewees answers guide subsequent questions
33
Strengths and weaknesses of interviews
Easily repeated, answers can be compared, structured are easier to analyse as answers are more predictable, unstructured has more detail Unstructured interviews are more expensive to produce as the interviewers have to be well trained to develop new questions on the spot, comparability can be a problem in a structured if the same interviewer behaves differently on different occasions so low reliability
34
Naturalistic observation
Am observation carried out in an everyday setting, in which the investigator does not interfere in any way but merely observes the behaviour in question
35
Controlled observation
A form of investigation in which behaviour is observed but under conditions where certain variables have been organised by the researcher
36
Overt observation
Observational studies where the participants are aware that their behaviour is being studied
37
Covert observation
Observing people without their knowledge
38
Participant observation
Observations made by someone who is also participating in the activity being observed which may eye t their objectivity
39
Non-participant observation
The observer is separate from the people being observed
40
6 types of observations
``` Naturalistic Controlled Overt Covert Participant Non-participant ```
41
Important aspects to consider when designing an observation.
Is it structured or unstructured | What sampling procedures are to be used
42
Structured observation
A researcher uses various systems to organise observations such as behavioural categories and sampling procedures
43
Unstructured observation
The researcher records all relevant behaviour but has no system.
44
Event sampling procedure in an observation
Counting the number of times a certain behaviour occurs
45
Time sampling procedure in observation
Recording all behaviour in a specific time frame
46
What's an aim
A general statement about the purpose of the investigation
47
What's an hypothesis
A precise, testable statement about the expected outcome of an investigation
48
Directional hypothesis
One tailed | States the direction the results will go in and usually contains the words 'there will be' 'increase' 'decrease'
49
A non directional hypothesis
Two tailed | Is less clear of the direction the results will go in and tends to use the words 'there will be a difference' 'affect'
50
Operationalising
The process of ensuring variables are in a form which can be easily tested and specifically defined in order to be fully understood
Psychology paper 1
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