1
Q
How much blood is in the human body?
A
5 litres
2
Q
What are the two components that make up human blood?
A
- Plasma (55%)
- Cellular elements (45%)
Plasma is 90% water
3
Q
What is serum?
A
Plasma from which the clotting factors have been removed
4
Q
What are the most numerous cellular elements?
A
Erythrocytes aka red blood cells. There are 25 trillion in your body.
5
Q
What are platelets?
A
Pinched off cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow cells that aid in blood clotting.
2-3 micrometres in size
6
Q
What are some traits of Erythrocytes (RBCs)
A
- Lack nuclei
- Lack mitochondria
- Small biconcave disks
- Lack of nucleus means more room for hemoglobin proteins
Hemoglobin: The iron containing protein responsible for O2 transport
7
Q
What are the 5 types of leucocytes (White blood cells)? What is their function?
A
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
Fighting infections
8
Q
Where can Leucocytes (WBCs) be found?
A
Outside the circulatory system, in the interstitial fluid and the lymphatic system
9
Q
What happens in blood clotting at the blood cell level? (4)
A
- Damaged blood vessel endothelium exposes connective tissue in the vessel wall to blood
- Platelets in the blood attach to collagen fibres in the connective tissues, making nearby platelets sticky
- Platelets form a plug to prevent blood loss
- In larger breaks, plug is reinforced by fibrin threads
10
Q
What happens in blood clotting at the sub-cellular level? (5)
A
- Fibrinogen, an inactive coagulant, circulates in the blood
- When there is a cut, platelets release a clotting factor
- this triggers an enzymatic cascade, forming the enzyme thrombin
- Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
- Fibrin aggregates into threads to form a clot
(Fibrinogen and thrombin are both proteins)
Biology 1002
flashcards
Decks in class (55)
# Cards
-
Section 1: 1.1 - Land plants evolved from green algae29
-
Section 1: 1.2 - Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes5
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Section 1: 1.3 - Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall25
-
Section 1: 1.4 - Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land14
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Section 1: 1.5 - Gymnospears bear "naked seeds", typically on cones4
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Section 1: 1.6 - The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits14
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Section 2: 2.1 - Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells39
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Section 2: 2.2 - Different meristems generate cells for primary and secondary growth17
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Section 2: 2.3 - Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots19
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Section 2: 2.4 - Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants13
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Section 3: 3.1 - Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in evolution of vascular plants6
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Section 3: 3.2 - Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances6
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Section 3: 3.3 - Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem30
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Section 3: 3.4 - The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata13
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Section 3: 3.5 - Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem11
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Section 4 - Plant nutrients40
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Section 5 - Plant reproduction (Part 1)29
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Section 5 - Plant reproduction (Part 2)1
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Section 7: 7.1 - Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers22
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Section 7: 7.2 - Animals can be characterized by body plans31
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Section 7: 7.3 - Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans16
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Section 7: 7.4 - Lophotrochozoans, a clade analyzed by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms14
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Section 7: 7.5 - Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group16
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Section 8: 8.1 - Animal form and function or correlated at levels of organization30
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Section 8: 8.2 - Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals12
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Section 8: 8.3 - Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behaviour20
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Section 8: 8.4 - Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment14
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Section 9: 9.1 - An animal's diet must supply chemical energy and building blocks19
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Section 9: 9.2 - Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination15
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Section 9: 9.3 - Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system36
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Section 9: 9.4 - Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet10
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Section 9: 9.5 - Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite9
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Section 10: 10.1 - Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body14
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Section 10: 10.2 - Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals10
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Section 10: 10.3 - Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels12
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Section 10: 10.4 - Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense10
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Section 10: 10.5 - Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces23
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Section 10: 10.6 - Breathing ventilates the lungs13
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Section 10: 10.7 - Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases5
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Section 11: 11.1 - Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes19
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Section 11: 11.2 - An animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat6
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Section 11: 11.3 - Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme12
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Section 11: 11.4 - The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate21
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Section 11: 11.5 - Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure17
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Section 14: 14.1 - Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer0
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Section 14: 14.2 - Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting membrane potential of a neuron0
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Section 14: 14.3 - Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons0
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Section 14: 14.4 - Neurons communicate with each other at synapses0
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Section 14: 14.5 - Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and support cells0
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Section 15: 15.1 - Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous systems0
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Section 15: 15.2 - The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling particles0
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Section 15: 15.3 - Visual receptors in diverse animals depend on light-absorbing pigments0
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Section 15: 15.4 - The sense of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors0
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Section 15: 15.5 - The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle functions0
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Section 15: 15.6 - Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion0
