1
Q
What is ecology?
A
The study of organisms in their environment
2
Q
Define - abiotic factors
A
Non-Living parts of an environment
3
Q
Define - Biotic factors
A
Living parts of an environment
4
Q
Define - Community
A
A group of different species that live in the same place at the same time.
5
Q
Define - ecosystem
A
The community of organisms and abiotic factors of a given area.
6
Q
Define - environment
A
Conditions that surround an organism including biotic and abiotic factors.
7
Q
Define - habitat
A
Where an organism vibes!!
The location where an organism lives.
8
Q
Define - niche
A
The role a species has in its environment, governed by adaption to both abiotic and biotic conditions.
How it meets the need for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces, including all of its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment.
9
Q
Define - population
A
All of the members of a species living together in the same place at the same time.
10
Q
Define - Species
A
Organisms that look similar and can breed to reproduce fertile offspring.
11
Q
What is the classification?
A
The organisation of living organisms into groups
Based on a number of accepted principles.
12
Q
What can members of a single species do?
A
Capable of breeding to produce living, fertile offspring.
13
Q
Who came up with the binomial system?
A
Swedish botanist Linnaeus over 200 years ago
14
Q
What are the features of the binomial system?
A
- Universal system based upon Latin or Greek names
- The first name - generic name - the genus to which the organism belongs.
- The second name - specific name - species to which h the organism belongs.
15
Q
What system is used to name organisms?
A
binomial system
16
Q
What is the generic name?
A
The first name of the binomial system that denotes the genus to which the organism belongs.
17
Q
What is the specific name?
A
Second name of binomial system denoting the species to which the organism belongs.
18
Q
What rules can be applied to the binomial system in scientific writing?
A
- Names in italics or underlined
- First letter of generic name is an upper case but specific name is lower case
- If specific name is not known the it can be written as ‘sp’
19
Q
How does courtship behaviour help members of the same species?
A
- Recognice members of their own species
- identify a mate that is capable of breeding
- form a pair bond
- become able to breed.
20
Q
Why is courtship behaviour used?
A
For males to determine whether the female is at s receptive stage for reproduction.
21
Q
what is taxonomy?
A
The theory and practice of biological classification
22
Q
What are the two main forms of biological classification?
A
Artificial
Phylogentic
23
Q
What is an artificial classification?
A
Divides organisms according to the difference that are used at the time.
Including colour, size, the number of legs, leaf shape.
Analogous characteristics.
24
Q
What is a phylogenetic classification?
A
- Based upon the evolutionary relationship between organisms ad their ancestors
- classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors
- arranges the groups into a hierarchy in which the groups are contained within larger composite groups no overlap.
25
What is the base of relationships in a phylogenetic classification?
Homologous characteristics.
These have similar evolutionary origins regardless of their functions in the adult of a species.
26
What is a taxon?
Each group within a phylogenetic biological classification
27
What is a taxonomic rank?
Taxonomy is the study of taxons and their positions in a hierarchical order called taxonomic ranks.
Based upon the evolutionary line of descent of the group members.
28
What is the domain?
The highest taxonomic rank
Three types -
1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya
29
What are the three classifications in a domain?
1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya
30
What features do bacteria have?
* Absence of membrane-bounded organelles such as a nuclei or mitochondria
* unicellular, although cells may occur in chains or clusters
* ribosomes are smaller 70s than in eukaryotic cells
* cell walls are present and made of murein - never chitin or cellulose
* a single loop of naked DNA made up of nucleic acids but no histones
31
How do archaea differ from bacteria?
* genes and proteins synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
* their membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages
* there is no murein in their cell walls
* they have a more complex form of RNA polymerase
32
What features do Eukarya have?
* cells possess membrane-bounded organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
* they have membranes containing fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
* not all possess cells with a cell wall, but where they do it contains no murein
* Ribosomes are larger 80s than in bacteria and archaea
33
Which section of the domain uses larger ribosomes?
80s - Eukarya
34
Which section of the domain uses smaller ribosomes?
70s - Bacteria and Archaea
35
What are the four kingdoms inside the Eukarya domain?
1. Protoctista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia
36
What is inside each kingdom of the Eukarya domain?
* Within each **kingdom** the largest groups are known as **phyla**
* Organisms in each phylum have a body plan radically different from organisms in any other phylum
* diversity within each phylum allows it to be divided into **classes**
* each class is divided into **orders** of organisms that have additional features in common
* each order divided into **families** and at this level, the differences are less obvious
* each family is divided into genera and each **genus** into **species**
37
What are the kingdom subsections of the eukarya domain?
Kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
38
what is the taxonomic ranks based on?
The supposed evolutionary line of descent of the group members.
39
What is phylogeny?
The history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms.
40
What does the phylogeny of an organism reflect?
The evolutionary branch that led up to it.
The phylogenetic relationships of different species are usually represented by a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree.
41
What diagram is used to represent the phylogenetic relationship?
Phylogenetic tree.
The oldest species at the base of the tree while the most recent ones are represented by the ends of the branches.
42
What is a court?
The number of an organism in a quadrat
43
What are the two types of quadrats?
Frame and Point
Point - pins go into the group and whatever the pin is touching would be counted in the sample.
45
What is the interspecific variation?
If one species differ from another.
46
What is the intraspecific variation?
members of the same species that differ from each other.
47
When can random sampling be used?
To estimate the population size of organisms must be relatively evenly distributed.
Sampling involves taking measurements of individals selected from the population of organisms which is being investigated.
48
Give the process of random sampling
1. Divide the area up into a grid and assign each square coordinates.
2. Use a random number generator to randomly pick numbers.
3. Use the numbers as coordinates to place the quadrats
4. Estimate % cover, count organisms or indicate if the organism is present or not.
49
When do you use transect sampling?
When organism distribution has spatial variation.
50
How do you perform transect sampling?
1. Place a line that is marked at regular intervals across the area.
2. Place the quadrat at each interval
3. count or calculate the % cover of organisms in each quadrat.
4. Repeat with more transects and calculate the average number of organisms at each distance.
51
Why is it a problem that all scientists measure things?
Because they are usually measuring some aspect of living organisms and all living organisms are different.
52
When sampling, what is it important to do?
1. Make sure the placing of the quadrats is random avoiding bias
2. Make sure you use many quadrats/transects this ensures you have a representative sample
3. use a proportionate quadrat for the organism being sampled.
53
Give two reasons why random sampling might not be truly representative
1. **Sampling bias** - The selection process may be bais. Investigators may be making unrepresentative choices, either deliberately or unwittingly.
2. **Chance -** Even if sampling bias is avoided, the individuals chosen may be a pure chance not be representative.
54
Define - Measuinrg abundance
The number of individuals of a species within a given area.
55
How can you measure abundance?
1. Calculate the frequency or percentage coverage of your species.
56
Define - Frequency
Wheater the species occurs in a quadrat, quick idea of the species present in an area.
57
Define - Percentage coverage
estimate of the area within a quadrat in which a species covers it, quick if species is abundant.
58
When do you use mark-release-recapture method of sampling?
On living things.
59
Describe the process of mark-release-recapture sampling technique
1. Catch, count and mark a sample of animals
2. After a period of time catch new sample
3. count number of marked individuals
60
EQUATION
Population size
Total number of individuals in the first sample x total number of individuals in the second sample
--------------------------
A number of marked individuals recaptured.
61
what is the scientific method behind the mark-release-recapture method?
1. Must have a large sample size so it is representative of the whole population
2. Important that between collecting sampled 1 and 2
1. little or no immigration/migration
2. little or no reproduction
3. Organisms caught in sample 1 effectively re-mix with the rest of the population
4. marking does not influence behaviour or increase vulnerability to predation.
62
Describe a normal distribution curve
Bell-shaped showing continuous variation
Symmetrical about a central value. - Occasionally the curve is shifted slightly to one side. - This is called a skewed distribution.
Three terms associated - mean, mode and median.
63
Define - skewed distribution
When a normal distribution curve is shifted to one side.
64
What is the mean?
Sum of the sampled values divided by the number of items.
65
What is the mode?
The single value of a sample that occurs most often.
66
What is the median?
The central or middle value of a set of values.
67
EQUATION
Standard deviation
68
In what two measurements does the normal distribution curve differ?
Max height (Mean) and its width (standard deviation)
69
What is biodiversity?
A general term used to describe variations in the living world.
Refers to the number and variety of living organisms in a particular area.
70
What are the three components of biodiversity?
1. Species diversity
2. Genetic diversity
3. Ecosystem diversity
71
What is species diversity?
Refers to the number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community.
72
What is genetic diversity?
Refers to the variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of a species.
73
What is ecosystem diversity?
Refers to the range of different habitats, from a small local habitat to the whole of the Earth.
74
What is one measure of species diversity?
species richness
75
What is species richness?
The number of different species in a particular area at a given time - community.
Two communities may have the same number of species but the proportions of the community made up of each species may differ markedly.
76
What is one way to measure species diversity?
Index of diversity
77
What does each of the values mean?
78
What does each of the values mean?
79
What is one way to measure species diversity?
Index of diversity
80
What is species richness?
The number of different species in a particular area at a given time - community.
Two communities may have the same number of species but the proportions of the community made up of each species may differ markedly.
81
What is one measure of species diversity?
species richness
82
What is ecosystem diversity?
Refers to the range of different habitats, from a small local habitat to the whole of the Earth.
83
What is genetic diversity?
Refers to the variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of a species.
84
What is species diversity?
Refers to the number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community.
85
What are the three components of biodiversity?
1. Species diversity
2. Genetic diversity
3. Ecosystem diversity
86
What is biodiversity?
A general term used to describe variations in the living world.
Refers to the number and variety of living organisms in a particular area.
87
What controls agriculture ecosystems?
humans
farmers selecting species for particular qualities that make them more productive.
88
What has happened to food production in the UK over the past 40 years?
doubled
89
How has food production doubled over the past 40 years?
* Using an improved genetic varieties of plant and animal species
* Greater use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides
* Greater use of biotechnology and change in farm practices - larger farms
* the conversion of land supporting natural communities into farmland.
90
Give examples of certain practices that directly removed habitats and reduced species diversity
* removal of hedgerows and grubbing out woodland
* creating monoculture
* filling in ponds and draining marsh and other wetland
* over-grazing of land
91
Give examples of indirect practices that have affected diversity
* pesticides and inorganic fertilisers
* escape of effluent from silage stores and slurry tanks into watercourses
* absence of crop rotation and lack of intercropping or undersowing.
92
Give at least three techniques to help conservation
93
Give at least three techniques to help conservation
94
Why is it important to have a high biodiversity?
If reduced the global living system becomes increasingly unstable and we all rely on the global system for food and other resources.
95
What controls agriculture ecosystems?
humans
farmers selecting species for particular qualities that make them more productive.
96
Give examples of indirect practices that have affected diversity
* pesticides and inorganic fertilisers
* escape of effluent from silage stores and slurry tanks into watercourses
* absence of crop rotation and lack of intercropping or undersowing.
97
Why is it important to have a high biodiversity?
If reduced the global living system becomes increasingly unstable and we all rely on the global system for food and other resources.
98
Give examples of certain practices that directly removed habitats and reduced species diversity
* removal of hedgerows and grubbing out woodland
* creating monoculture
* filling in ponds and draining marsh and other wetland
* over-grazing of land
99
How has food production doubled over the past 40 years?
* Using an improved genetic varieties of plant and animal species
* Greater use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides
* Greater use of biotechnology and change in farm practices - larger farms
* the conversion of land supporting natural communities into farmland.
100
What has happened to food production in the UK over the past 40 years?
doubled
101
What controls agriculture ecosystems?
humans
farmers selecting species for particular qualities that make them more productive.
102
What are the bases of comparison of observable characteristics?
Based on the fact that each observable characteristic is determined by a gene or genes.
The variety within a characteristic depends on the number and variety of alleles of that gene.
103
What are the limits of using observable characteristics?
* A large number of them are coded for by more than one gene.
* they are polygenic - not discrete from one another but rather vary continuously
* Difficult to distinguish one from another characteristic
* Characteristics can be modified by the environment conditions rather than different alleles
104
What replaced the comparison of observable characteristics?
Directly observing DNA sequences themselves.
105
What is DNA sequencing done by?
anutomatic machines and the data produced analysed by computers.
Each nucleotide base can be tagged with a different coloured fluorescent dye.
106
In the comparison of DNA base sequences
What colour is adenine dyed?
green
107
In the comparison of DNA base sequences
What colour is tymine dyed?
red
108
In the comparison of DNA base sequences
What colour is cytosine dyed?
blue
109
In the comparison of DNA base sequences
What colour is guanine dyed?
yellow
110
111
What are the three methods to compare species?
comparison of observable characteristics
comparison of DNA base sequences
comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins.
112
113
What are the bases of comparison of observable characteristics?
Based on the fact that each observable characteristic is determined by a gene or genes.
The variety within a characteristic depends on the number and variety of alleles of that gene.
114
115
What are the three methods to compare species?
comparison of observable characteristics
comparison of DNA base sequences
comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins.
116
117
In the comparison of DNA base sequences
What colour is guanine dyed?
yellow
118
In the comparison of DNA base sequences
What colour is cytosine dyed?
blue
119
In the comparison of DNA base sequences
What colour is tymine dyed?
red
120
In the comparison of DNA base sequences
What colour is adenine dyed?
green
121
What is DNA sequencing done by?
anutomatic machines and the data produced analysed by computers.
Each nucleotide base can be tagged with a different coloured fluorescent dye.
122
What replaced the comparison of observable characteristics?
Directly observing DNA sequences themselves.
123
What are the limits of using observable characteristics?
* A large number of them are coded for by more than one gene.
* they are polygenic - not discrete from one another but rather vary continuously
* Difficult to distinguish one from another characteristic
* Characteristics can be modified by the environment conditions rather than different alleles
124
What are the bases of comparison of observable characteristics?
Based on the fact that each observable characteristic is determined by a gene or genes.
The variety within a characteristic depends on the number and variety of alleles of that gene.
125
What are the bases of comparison of observable characteristics?
Based on the fact that each observable characteristic is determined by a gene or genes.
The variety within a characteristic depends on the number and variety of alleles of that gene.
126
What are the bases of comparison of observable characteristics?
Based on the fact that each observable characteristic is determined by a gene or genes.
The variety within a characteristic depends on the number and variety of alleles of that gene.
AS level Biology
flashcards
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
-
Section 1 - Biological Molecules199
-
Section 1 - Nucleic Acid101
-
Section 2 - Cell Structure193
-
Section 2 - Transport across cell membranes138
-
Section 2 - Cell recognition and the immune system26
-
Section 3 - Exchange184
-
Section 3 - Mass transport113
-
Section 4 - DNA, genes and protein synthesis57
-
Section 4 - Genetic diversity and adaptation52
-
Section 4 - Biodiversity125
-
Biological molecules144
