Sensorimotor Processing

Question 1

sensory integration

Answer 1

the way in which the brain organizes sensation for movement or behavior

Question 2

sensory weighting refers to ____________ use

Answer 2

subsystem

Question 3

in what way does sensorimotor processing occur?

Answer 3

both hierarchically and simultaneously through the nervous system

Question 4

parallel/distributed processing

Answer 4

simultaneous processing of the same information that is spread across networks of neurons

Question 5

somatosensation encompasses what three things

Answer 5

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and pain information from periphery

Question 6

what do mechanoreceptors do?

Answer 6

• detect skin stretch and movement
• proprioceptive feedback
• stimulus for reflexes
• grip force adjustment

Question 7

What do mechanoreceptors afford/allow?

Answer 7

accuracy
consistency
movement timing

Question 8

proprioception describes the afferent information arising from internal peripheral areas of the body that contribute to _____________, ________________, and ____________.

Answer 8

postural control, joint stability, and muscle force production

Question 9

What three things are under proprioception

Answer 9

• kinesthesia
• joint position sense
• sense of resistance

Question 10

what do muscle spindles do?

Answer 10

• muscle length detection (length/velocity/reflex activation)
• affords spatial and temporal accuracy
• affords control of discrete movements

Question 11

ultimately muscle spindles, golgi tendon, and joint receptors contribute to?

Answer 11

• accuracy
• consistency
• coordination
• joint stability
• movement timing

Question 12

What do golgi tendon organs do?

Answer 12

• muscle tension detection
• affords force gradation and dynamic muscle stiffness

Question 13

T or F: golgi tendon organs are modified by the CNS

Answer 13

F: they do not branch to the brain or cortex. they are modulated through descending commands on interneurons

Question 14

golgi tendon organs provide dynamic muscle __________

Answer 14

stiffness

Question 15

what are joint receptors for?

Answer 15

• joint force and angle detection
  detects force and rot esp at end range
  afferent signals to cortex
  gamma motor activation

Question 16

What do joint receptors afford?

Answer 16

• awareness in space
• joint stability

Question 17

can we improve proprioception with training?

Answer 17

debatable. task oriented training and postural control exercises are thought to improve sensory and motor processing which leads to greater proprioceptive acuity

Question 18

What has poor proprioceptive acuity been linked to?

Answer 18

altered coordination and injury

Question 19

vestibular system acts as a _________ of the head

Answer 19

proprioceptor

Question 20

3 functions of the vestibular system

Answer 20

1 - visual stabilization
2 - coordination
3 - gravito-inertial frame of reference

Question 21

semicircular canals = ___________ acceleration

Answer 21

angular

Question 22

utricle and saccule = ___________ acceleration and_____________ related to gravity

Answer 22

linear
position sense

Question 23

vision is used for what kind of control?

Answer 23

feedforward and feedback

Question 24

feedforward =
feedback =

Answer 24

anticipatory
corrective

Question 25

what are 3 important vision-related concepts critical to motor control?

Answer 25

1 - monocular vs binocular 2 - central vs peripheral 3 - 2 visual systems for motor control

Question 26

The movement system operates more effectively when it receives info from both eyes (binocular vision). Why? (3)

Answer 26

- increased end point accuracy - increased depth perception - greater timing accuracy

Question 27

where is central/focal vision and what does it provide?

Answer 27

middle 2-5 degrees of visual field provides that "what" - contrast - form/color - object recognition

Question 28

where is peripheral vision and what does it provide?

Answer 28

200 degrees horizontal and 160 degrees vertical provides the "where" - motion vision - course detail - helps w/ depth perception - helps w/ body orientation

Question 29

is central and peripheral vision faster? which one is conscious?

Answer 29

peripheral is faster central is conscious

Question 30

optical flow

Answer 30

when our head moves, the visual system detects and used these patterns to detect speed and direction of head motion

Question 31

time to contact (tau)

Answer 31

a perceptual variable that refers to time to contact between an object and a person's eye

Question 32

the LGN contains what 2 types of cells

Answer 32

pLGN and mLGN

Question 33

pLGN cells are responsible for?

Answer 33

color/contrast helps with shape and form discrimination

Question 34

mLGN cells are responsible for?

Answer 34

movement

Question 35

visual system path

Answer 35

retinal ganglion cell LGN primary visual cortex

Question 36

the ventral pathway is the _______ and the dorsal pathway is the ________

Answer 36

what, where

Question 37

visual selective attention

Answer 37

directing visual attention to cues that influence preparation and/or performance

Question 38

visual search

Answer 38

process of directing visual attention to locate relevant environmental cues

Question 39

visual search and intended actions

Answer 39

- search for regulatory conditions in the performance environment according to what the intended goal is - detect relevant cues during skill performance (esp. novices)

Question 40

gaze fixation

Answer 40

"quiet eye" before movement indicates a need for optimal focus on one location or object prior to the execution of the skill

Question 41

4 characteristics of gaze fixation

Answer 41

1 - directed to critical location in the performance context 2 - a stable fixation of performer's gaze 3 - onset occurs just before first movement 4 - duration tends to be longer for skilled performers

Question 42

quiet eye for closed skills

Answer 42

final gaze fixation is located on the goal object in the performance (ex - basketball rim)

Question 43

quiet eye for open skills

Answer 43

final gaze fixation in on the moving object, which the eye tracks for as long as possible for initiating the requirement movement

Question 44

closed loop control is a _______ based mechanism of motor control

Answer 44

feedback - allows for real time feedback

Question 45

open loop control is a ___________ form of motor control

Answer 45

feedforward - used to control rapid, ballistic movements and does not have real time feedback

Question 46

open loop = _______ processing closed loop = _________ processing

Answer 46

automatic controlled