Set 1

Question 1

What are the advantages of RPN?

Answer 1

• Eliminates the need for brackets in sub-expressions
• There is no need for order of precedence of operators (DON’T MENTION BIDMAS)
• The expressions are in a form suitable for evaluation using a stack, as the expression can be evaluated from left to right

Question 2

What is main memory?

Answer 2

Memory that is directly addressable by the processor

Question 3

What is the system bus?

Answer 3

• A set of parallel wires connecting independent components of a computer system
• It is used to pass signals between the components.
• These signals can represent data, address, or control information.

Question 4

What is the stored program concept?

Answer 4

Two parts:
(a) A program must be resident in main memory to be executed.
(b) Machine code instructions are fetched and executed serially (one at a time) by the processor.

Question 5

What are the two types of stored program concept?

Answer 5

1. Von Neumann (where data and instructions are stored in main memory)
2. Harvard Architecture (where instructions and data are stored separately, using separate buses)

Question 6

Why is Harvard Architecture sometimes used in preference to Von Neumann?

Answer 6

Von Neumann:
- Competition for instructions and data as both share the same bus

Harvard:
- Instructions and writing/reading data can take place in parallel so can be faster
- Avoid bottleneck of single data/address bus
- Instruction and data memory can have different word lengths
- Avoids possibility of data being executed as code, which is one method that can be exploited by hackers

Question 7

Where is Harvard Architecture used?

Answer 7

Embedded systems and digital signal processing systems

Question 8

Describe the role of the control unit.
Give 4 points.

Answer 8

Any 4 from:
* To control operation of the fetch-execute cycle
* It controls fetching (or loading or storing) operations
* It determines the type of an instruction
* To execute (some) instructions
* To synchronise the operation of the processor
* To send control signals and commands to other components
* To control the transfer of data between registers
* To handle interrupts

Question 9

Describe the fetch part of the fetch decode execute cycle

Answer 9

Fetch:
- Contents of Program Counter transferred to Memory Address Register
- Address bus used to transfer this address to main memory
- Read signal sent along control bus
- Transfer of main memory content uses the data bus
- Contents of addressed memory location loaded into the Memory Buffer Register
- Contents of memory buffer register are copied to the current instruction register
- Increment Program Counter (part of Fetch stage, but not directly involved in fetching an instruction)

Question 10

Describe the decode part of the fetch decode execute cycle

Answer 10

Decode:
- Instruction to decode held by the Current Instruction Register
- The control unit decodes the instruction
- Instruction split into opcode and operand(s)

Question 11

Describe the execute part of the fetch decode execute cycle
Give 4 points.

Answer 11

Any 4 from:
- If necessary, data is fetched or stored
- The opcode identifies the type of operation to be performed by the processor
- The operation (identified by the opcode) is performed by the control unit.
- The ALU is used for calculation (or comparisons)
- The result (may be) stored in a register (or main memory)
- The status register is updated
- If a branch is required then the program counter is updated
- The control bus will transfer signals to other components to initiate or sequence actions

Question 12

How would you subtract a binary number A from a binary number B?

Answer 12

Convert A into -A using two’s complement. Then use binary addition with -A and B.

Question 13

Why use hexadecimal instead of binary?

Answer 13

• Easier for humans to read/write/remember
• More compact representation
• Fewer digits required for the same value
• Less screen space

(NOT BECAUSE IT TAKES LESS MEMORY SPACE. IT DOESN’T TAKE LESS STORAGE SPACE!)

Question 14

What is the data bus used for? What is its direction?

Answer 14

The data bus is used to transfer data between components.

The data bus is bidirectional

Question 15

What is the address bus used for? What is its direction?

Answer 15

The address bus is used to transfer memory addresses and I/O (input output) locations.

The address bus is unidirectional from the processor

Question 16

What is the control bus used for? Give 4 points.
What is its direction?

Answer 16

Any 4 from:
* The control bus is used to transport control signals between components.
* Indicate that a memory write is occurring
* Transfer clock signal
* Indicate the number of bits being transferred
* Receive transfer acknowledgement
* Send signal to request use of system bus
* Receive signal granting use of system bus

The control bus is bidirectional

Question 17

Give three examples of control signals

Answer 17

• Clock signals
• Memory read
• Memory write

Question 18

What is the difference between volatile and non-volatile memory

Answer 18

• Volatile memory maintains its data only while the device is powered.
• Non-volatile memory retains stored information even after power is removed

Question 19

Give an example of non-volatile main memory

Answer 19

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Question 20

What is the instruction set?

Answer 20

• The set of binary codes for the machine operations that a processor has been designed to perform.
• It is specific to the processor

Question 21

What is the purpose of main memory?

Answer 21

Main Memory holds the instructions and data currently being used by the processes.

Question 22

What is the ALU?

Answer 22

The Arithmetic Logic Unit is the part of the CPU that is responsible for executing arithmetic operations (e.g. addition, subtraction, binary shifts) and logic comparisons (e.g. Or / And / Not)

Question 23

What is a register?

Answer 23

Extremely fast, very small piece of memory on the processor for temporary storage of binary values

Question 24

What does the program counter do?

Answer 24

Stores the address of the next instruction to be executed

Question 25

What does the MAR do?

Answer 25

- Temporarily holds the address of the memory location that data will be read/written to - The MAR is the processor’s direct connection to the address bus for accessing main memory - Holds the address of the instruction in the fetch stage as it is fetched

Question 26

What does the MBR do?

Answer 26

- Temporarily stores data read from or written to main memory - The MBR is the processor’s direct connection to the data bus for accessing main memory - Holds the instruction in the fetch stage before it is copied into the CIR

Question 27

What is the role of the CIR in the FDE cycle?

Answer 27

- Stores the recently fetched instruction to be decoded by the control unit before it is executed

Question 28

Describe the role of the status register

Answer 28

Stores information about the result of the last arithmetic/logic instruction Contents are used to affect the behaviour of the next instruction Stores bits/flags which affect the operation of the control unit

Question 29

Describe the role of general purpose registers

Answer 29

Stores values that need to be accessed frequently Store values that instructions can use as operands The programmer determines the exact role of each register when writing a program

Question 30

4 reasons secondary storage is needed

Answer 30

* Main memory is volatile, so secondary storage needed to store files that are needed multiple times * Secondary storage can be used to store larger files, as it usually has a much higher capacity than main memory * Secondary storage can be used for *virtual memory* * Main memory is expensive/Secondary storage is cheaper **per bit/byte/unit of memory**;

Question 31

4 advantages of Harvard architecture

Answer 31

* Instruction and data can be accessed simultaneously * Instruction and data memory can have different word lengths * Different technologies can be used to implement instruction and data memory * For systems with a predetermined use, instruction memory can be implemented as ROM which protects the programs from hacking

Question 32

What is the significance of the leftmost bit in two's complement?

Answer 32

* The most significant bit (leftmost) is the sign bit, which represents a negative number when set to 1 * The MSB also contributes to the value of the number

Question 33

What is 1111...111 in two's complement binary?

Answer 33

-1

Question 34

Range of an 8-bit number represented as: 1. unsigned binary number 2. two's complement number

Answer 34

1. Unsigned: 0 to 255 2. Two's complement: -128 to 127

Question 35

An 8-bit two's complement binary number can be between ___ and ___

Answer 35

-128 and 127

Question 36

How to turn a negative number into its positive version in two's complement (and vice versa)?

Answer 36

1. From the right, every bit up to and including the first 1 stays the same. 2. Everything else gets flipped. *(This is the same as flipping every bit then adding 1)*

Question 37

Where is Von Neumann architecture used?

Answer 37

General purpose computing systems

Question 38

What is an identifier in the following examples? static void SetValue(int num){}; static string name;

Answer 38

SetValue name num (Notice there is no other code given).

Question 39

What is iteration?

Answer 39

Where a code block is repeated through a 'for' loop or a 'foreach' loop

Question 40

What is a selection structure?

Answer 40

Either an 'if' or a 'switch'

Question 41

What values does the following code generate? int num = random.Next(1,100)

Answer 41

Integers from 1 - 99

Question 42

What is nested selection?

Answer 42

Where you have an if within an if

Question 43

What is nested iteration?

Answer 43

Where you have a for loop within a for loop

Question 44

In the following code what is the highest value of the counting variable i reached: for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { Console.WriteLine(i); }

Answer 44

The highest value of i printed to the console is 9, but i gets to 10 and then the condition ( i < 10) is no longer met and the for loop exits

Question 45

What are the steps for converting postfix to infix?

Answer 45

- Convert “num num op” triplets one at a time, adding brackets each time - Remove any unnecessary brackets Alternatively: - From left to right push numbers into a stack - When you reach an operator pop the last two numbers (or expressions) off the stack and apply the operator - push the result back onto the stack (Note that in this case to 'apply' an operator you should not evaluate e.g. 3 4 + -> 3 + 4 NOT 7)

Question 46

What are the steps for converting infix to postfix?

Answer 46

- Add brackets around every operation - Draw arrow from operator to end of its bracket - Write expression, keeping numbers in the same order

Question 47

What is concatenation?

Answer 47

When two string data type variables are merged together into a single variable

Question 48

Describe the role of an I/O controller. Give 4 points.

Answer 48

Any 4 from: * Allows processor to communicate with a peripheral using an I/O port * Allows peripheral to appear as a set of registers * Translates data received from a peripheral into a form that can be processed by the computer * Buffer data being received from a peripheral so the processor does not have to wait for it * Allows new peripherals to be added without having to redesign the processor * Allows peripheral designers to create new peripherals to one common interface standard * To carry out some of the I/O related processing * To check that data received from peripherals is not corrupted * Implements the protocols used by I/O devices for communication * Generates an interrupt when data is ready to be transferred from an I/O device

Question 49

Give a purpose of a specific bit or flag that may be set in the status register [learn 2]

Answer 49

Sign - indicates if the result of the last arithmetic operation was positive or negative Zero - indicates if the result of the last operation was zero Carry - indicates if the result of the last arithmetic operation produced a carry Equal - indicates if the last logical comparison compared two equal values Overflow - indicates if the last arithmetic operation resulted in overflow Interrupt - set to enable interrupts Supervisor - indicates the mode the processor is operating in