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Flashcards in Stuffy Nose Deck (22)
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1
Q

What are the 4 core nasal problems?

A
  1. Blocked nose
  2. Loss of smell
  3. Discharge
  4. Facial pain

(4Ss - stuffy, smell, snot, sore)

2
Q

What are the two types of rhinitis?

A
  1. Non-infective
  2. Infective
3
Q

What typically causes infective rhinitis?

A

Viral URTI

4
Q

What are the two type of non-infective rhinitis?

A
  1. Allergic
  2. Non-allergic
5
Q

Allergic rhinitis can be either _______ or _________

A

Allergic rhinitis can be either intermittent or persistent

6
Q

Which allergens can induce intermittent rhinitis?

A
  1. Grass pollen
  2. Tree pollen
  3. Fungal spores (e.g. cladosporidum)
7
Q

Which allergens can induce persistent rhinitis?

A
  1. House dust mites
  2. Cat
  3. Dog

(salivary enzymes from cats and dogs cause allergic rhinits)

8
Q

How can intermittent allergic rhinitis be classified?

A

Symptoms for <4 days per week

or

Symptoms for <4 weeks

9
Q

How can persistent allergic rhinitis be classified?

A

Symptoms >4 days week

and

>4 weeks duration

10
Q

What treatment options are there for allergic rhinitis?

A
  1. Allergen avoidance
  2. Symptomatic relief (antihistamines, topical steroids)
  3. Immunotherapy
  4. Surgery
11
Q

Nasal polyps are often associated with which other condition?

A

Non-allergic asthma

12
Q

How can nasal polyps be treated?

A

Oral then topical steroids

Surgery (if failure to improve)

13
Q

Which key symptoms are associated with acute infective rhinosinusitis?

A
  1. Facial pain
  2. Discharge
  3. Nasal blockage
14
Q

How should acute infective rhinosinusitis be treated?

A

Analgesics

Decongestants

Antibiotic (if persistent)

15
Q

Infective rhinosinusitis is almost entirely caused by what?

A

Viruses (98%)

16
Q

What are the two main types of non-allergic rhinitis?

A
  1. Vasomotor rhinitis
  2. Nasla polyps
17
Q

How can non-infective rhinitis be treated?

A
  1. Topical nasal steroid
  2. Antihistamine (if required)
  3. Topical anticholinergic
18
Q

Why do most nasal fractures deviate to the left?

A

Mostly caused by fights

Most people (90%) are right handed

19
Q

What is a septal haematoma?

A

Blood underneath the perichonrium in the nasal cartilage

This prevents cartilage getting nutrients and O2 leading to death and nasal collapse

20
Q

What is the number one cause of unilateral discharge in

a) Young children
b) Adults

A

a) Young children - Foreign body in the nose
b) Adults - Paranasal tumour

21
Q

What is a severe complication of acute sinusitis?

A

Orbital cellulitis

22
Q

How can specific allergens be tested for in allergic rhinitis?

A

Skin prick test

Radioallergosorbent assay (RAST) - detects specific IgE