Surgery - Urology

Question 1

describe vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). how can this cause AKI?

Answer 1

• urine refluxing from bladder back up ureters| - if this then reduces kidney function, this is post-renal AKI

Question 2

where is the obstruction in an upper obstructive uropathy?

Answer 2

ureters

Question 3

presentation of upper obstructive uropathy?

Answer 3

NAME?

Question 4

presentation of lower obstructive uropathy?

Answer 4

NAME?

Question 5

what kind of micturition symptoms might be experienced in a lower obstructive uropathy?

Answer 5

NAME?

Question 6

causes of an upper obstructive uropathy?

Answer 6

NAME?

Question 7

causes of a lower obstructive uropathy?

Answer 7

NAME?

Question 8

causes of a neurogenic bladder?

Answer 8

• MS - DM- stroke - parkinson’s disease- brain / SC injury- spina bifida

Question 9

presentation of neurogenic bladder?

Answer 9

NAME?

Question 10

management of obstructive uropathy?

Answer 10

NAME?

Question 11

complications of treating an obstructive uropathy?

Answer 11

• catheter-associated UTI| - post-catheter diuresis (fluid and electrolyte loss, seen on UEs)

Question 12

complications of obstructive uropathy?

Answer 12

NAME?

Question 13

describe the pathophysiology of hydronephrosis?

Answer 13

obstruction to urine outflow causes backflow up to the kidneys

Question 14

what is the cause of idiopathic hydronephrosis?

Answer 14

• narrowing at the PUJ| - may be congenital

Question 15

features of hydronephrosis?

Answer 15

• vague renal angle pain| - mass felt in kidney area

Question 16

investigations for hydronephrosis?

Answer 16

all imaging:- USS- CT - IV urogram (X-ray)

Question 17

treatment of hydronephrosis?

Answer 17

NAME?

Question 18

indications for a urinary catheter?

Answer 18

NAME?

Question 19

demographic typically affected by BPH?

Answer 19

men over 50

Question 20

presentation of BPH?

Answer 20

all LUTS:- hesitancy- weak flow- urgency- frequency- intermittency- straining- terminal dribbling- incomplete emptying- nocturia

Question 21

which examinations are needed in suspected BPH?

Answer 21

• DRE| - abdo exam (check for palpable bladder)

Question 22

investigations for BPH?

Answer 22

NAME?

Question 23

common causes of a raised PSA?

Answer 23

NAME?

Question 24

findings on DRE in prostate Ca?

Answer 24

NAME?

Question 25

findings on DRE of a benign prostate?

Answer 25

#NAME?

Question 26

management of BPH?

Answer 26

#NAME?

Question 27

what are the different surgical management options for BPH?

Answer 27

- transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)- transurethral electrovaporisation of the prostate (TEVAP / TUVP)- holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP)- open prostatectomy

Question 28

key side effect to know of tamsulosin (and other a-blockers)?

Answer 28

postural hypotension

Question 29

key side effect of finasteride?

Answer 29

sexual dysfunction (ED)

Question 30

complications of TURP?

Answer 30

#NAME?