Surveillance

Question 1

What is the definition of surveillance?

Answer 1

Systematic continuous observation of populations and collection and analysis of data from many varied sources for rapid detection and timely, appropriate response to important health events and production and communication of valid information about the health and disease status of the population.

Question 2

What are the goals of animal health surveillance?

Answer 2

to maintain and improve animal health, animal welfare, and economic viability of animal based food production systems and to protect public health by controlling zoonotic and foodborne diseases.

Question 3

What is the purpose of surveillance?

Answer 3

1. rapid detection of disease outbreaks
2. support dz control/eradication
3. assess population health and safety of food
4. Produce info about disease
5. evaluate dz control/biosecurity programs.

Question 4

What is a benefit of early detection?

Answer 4

prevents catastrophic losses and costs (both direct and indirect).

Question 5

T/F: OIE member nations are obligated to scientifically estimate the disease risk associated with their animals and animal products.

Answer 5

True.

Question 6

What are the OIE BSE Risk statuses?

Answer 6

negligible, controlled, undetermined.

Question 7

T/F: OIE member nations are not required to report the occurrence of listed and emerging diseases.

Answer 7

False. They are.

Question 8

What are the 3 components of surveillance?

Answer 8

detection, response, and communication.

Question 9

What are the 4 broad categories of surveillance?

Answer 9

animal health surveillance, public health surveillance, biosurveillance, and food safety surveillance.

Question 10

What are the 4 types of surveillance?

Answer 10

1. Passive surveillance
2. active surveillance
3. sentinel surveillance
4. targeted surveillance

Question 11

What type of surveillance is the most common?

Answer 11

passive surveillance.

Question 12

What are some examples of passive surveillance?

Answer 12

reportable disease programs, sero-surveys at auction markets and slaughter plants, and diagnostic lab submission surveillance (among others)

Question 13

What are some pros of passive surveillance?

Answer 13

reportable disease programs provide continuous surveillance, lab surveillance can detect emerging dzs, and its inexpensive.

Question 14

What are some cons of passive surveillance?

Answer 14

little control over who provides data/samples, not a representative sample of the population, won’t work for less valued animals, and if a dz is stigmatized, farmers won’t report.

Question 15

What are some pros to active surveillance?

Answer 15

can be representative of the population.

Question 16

What are some cons of active surveillance?

Answer 16

its expensive and labor intensive, done once or intermittently, and sometimes it may not be representative of the population.

Question 17

How is sentinel surveillance performed?

Answer 17

a small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or dz risk.

Question 18

What are some pros to sentinel surveillance? Cons?

Answer 18

less expensive than monitoring the whole population, often the only method available, and allows intensive, multiple testing. Con: may not be representative of the population.

Question 19

What is the purpose of targeted surveillance?

Answer 19

to target a specific segment of the population to enhance detection of dz. Efficient and reduces cost, but may not be representative of the population.

Question 20

What must each state do maintain TB free accredited status?

Answer 20

make bovine TB reportable by law, have a vet infrastructure that can conduct a TB eradication program, conduct surveillance to demonstrate the prevalence of TB is less than 2% with 95% confidence in cattle and bison, and must use accredited vets for TB testing

Question 21

What is the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System?

Answer 21

A list of diseases of humans that are “reportable” at the national level. Each state decides which dzs are reportable within the state, but they don’t have to include them on the NNDSS list.

Question 22

What does the NAHMS do?

Answer 22

Collects, analyses, and disseminates data on animal health, management, and productivity across the US.

Question 23

What are the goals of MAHMS?

Answer 23

1. early detection and global risk surveillance of foreign animal disease
2. early detection and global risk surveillance of emerging diseases
3. enhanced surveillance for current “program diseases”
4. Monitoring and surveillance for diseases of major impact on production and marketing.

Question 24

What is BioSense?

Answer 24

A CDC program that tracks health problems as they evolve. It prepares and coordinates responses to safeguard and improve the health of the american people.

Question 25

Is BioSense mandatory?

Answer 25

no, it is voluntary.

Question 26

What is Foodnet?

Answer 26

active surveillance network for foodborne disease in the US.

Question 27

What is the objective of FoodNet?

Answer 27

to determine the burden of foodborne illness in the US, to monitor trends in the burden of specific foodborne illness over time, to attribute the burden of foodborne illness to specific foods and settings, and to disseminate information that can lead to improvements in public health practice and the development of interventions to reduce the burden of foodborne illness.