Systemic Bact. Min Q Flashcards by Haidar Sleiman

Which bacteria can be differentiated with the catalase test?

Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)

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Which bacteria can be differentiated with the coagulase test?

Staphylococcus aureus (+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so called ‘coagulase-negative staphylococci’)

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Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci

Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like clusters

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Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate

Round colonies with butter consistency, golden pigment production and beta-haemolysis

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What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)

Protein A, endocoagulase (clumping factor), exocoagulase, adhezins, teicoic acid, hialuronidase, protease, lipase, DN-ase.

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What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)

Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, haemolysin

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List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus? (3 examples)

Folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning.

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List diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 examples)

Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome

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List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species!

S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. lugdunensis

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List diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci! (2 examples)

Nosocomial infections, biofilm production on the surface of plastic devices.

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How are nosocomial Staphylococcus infections treated?

Based on antibiogram

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Which bacterium causes ‘Honeymoon cystitis’?

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate (3 characteristics)

Small, pin-point colonies, surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic zone

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Which streptococci are beta-haemolytic?

Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae

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Which streptococci are alpha-haemolytic? (2 examples)

Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci (e.g. S. mutans, S. mitis, S. salivarius)

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Which species is the Lancefield Group A Streptococcus (GAS)?

Streptococcus pyogenes

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Which species is the Lancefield Group B Streptococcus (GBS)?

Streptococcus agalactiae

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What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?

Streptococcus pyogenes

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Which bacterial virulence factor is responsible for scarlet fever?

Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin or erythrogenic toxin

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What is the capsule of S. pyogenes made of?

Hyaluronic acid

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List diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes! (3 examples)

Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis, scarlet fever, TSST

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What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes? (2 examples)

Acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

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Which two streptococcus species are still 100% sensitive to penicillin?

Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae

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What kind of diseases can be caused in newborns by Streptococcus agalactiae? (2 examples)

Neonatal meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia.

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Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis?

Streptococcus agalactiae

Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram-positive diplococci

How can we prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae? (2 examples)

By 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine or by 13 valent conjugated vaccine.

Which two bacteria can be differentiated based on their optochin sensitivity/resistance?

S. pneumoniae (S) and viridans streptococci (R)

What kind of diseases can be caused by viridans streptococci? (2 examples)

Dental caries or endocarditis

What are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?

E. faecalis and E. faecium

What type of infections are caused by Enterococci? (3 examples)

Endocarditis, sepsis, urinary tract infection, intraabdominal infection, nosocomial infection

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae? (2 characteristics)

Gram-negative, non-capsulated diplococci.

Which medium can be used for the cultivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae? (1 example)

Chocolate agar or Thayer Martin agar.

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis? (3 characteristics)

Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.

How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?

By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx.

What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis? (3 examples)

Sepsis, meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.

What kind of diseases can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae? (2 examples)

Gonorrhoea, ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum, proctitis, orchitis.

What is the causative agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

Neisseria meningitidis

Which tests are used to detect Neisseria meningitidis in liquor (CSF) sample? (3 examples)

Microscopic examination, Gram-stain, latex agglutination.

How can we prevent the infection in close contacts of a patient with Neisseria meningitidis disease? (1 example)

Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.

What can cause Neisseria gonorrhoeae in newborns? (1 example)

Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum

What type of infection is caused by Moraxella? (1 species and the caused disease)

Moraxella catarrhalis: otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis Moraxella lacunata: eye infection

Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?

Haemophilus influenzae with capsule 'b' serotype.

What type of infections are caused by Haemophilus influenzae capsule type b? (2 examples)

Meningitis, epiglottitis, cellulitis

How can we prevent invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

By Hib vaccine

What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophilus ducreyi?

Ulcus molle (chancroid).

What is the causative agent of whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis

What are the virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)

Fimbria, pertactin, pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermatonecrotic toxin.

What is the causative agent of tularemia (rabbit fever)?

Francisella tularensis

How is tularemia treated? (1 example)

Gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline

What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)

Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella canis

How is brucellosis treated?

Doxycycline

What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)

Cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax.

How is anthrax treated?

Fluoroquinolone

What kind of diseases can be caused by Bacillus cereus? (1 example)

Food poisoning (vomiting, diarrhoea), wound infection.

What is the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis?

Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile

Which bacteria cause flaccid paralysis?

Clostridium botulinum

Which bacteria causes spastic paralysis?

Clostridium tetani

What is the treatment of tetanus? (3 examples)

Wound care, antitoxin, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics

What is the treatment of botulism?

Polyvalent antitoxin

What is the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis? (2 examples)

Vancomycin per os, metronidazole, fecal transplantation

Which bacteria cause gas gangrene? (2 examples)

Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium septicum

What is the causative agent of diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

How can we detect the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

By Elek’s-test

What is the treatment of diphtheria? (3 examples)

Passive immunization, antibiotics, mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (1 example)

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium urealyticum

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes? (2 examples)

Meningitis, sepsis, granulomatosis infantiseptica.

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults? (2 examples)

Gastrointestinal symptoms, meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis

What is the treatment of Listeriosis?

Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice

What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Which bacteria cause dental caries?

Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans

Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis? (3 examples)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum

Which drugs are used in the first line treatment of tuberculosis? (2 examples)

Rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol

Which staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?

Ziehl-Neelsen (acid fast) staining

How long does it take to culture pathogens of tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?

6-8 weeks

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

BCG vaccine

What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)

Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans

Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?

Mycobacterium smegmatis

What is the causative agent of leprosy?

Mycobacterium leprae

What are the types of leprosy?

Tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy

What is the treatment of leprosy? (2 examples)

Dapsone, clofazimine, rifampicin

How can Nocardia stain?

It is Gram-positive and Ziehl-Neelsen positive

What type of infections are caused by Nocardia? (2 examples)

Nocardiosis: lung infection, brain abscess

What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)

Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus

What type of infections are caused by Actinomyces israelii (1 example)

Actinomycosis: cervicofacial, abdominal or thoracic

Which E. coli are intestinal pathogens? (3 examples)

ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, EHEC

What kind of extraintestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli? (2 examples)

Urinary tract infections, wound infection, neonatal meningitis, sepsis

What are the causative agents of typhoid fever? (4 examples)

Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C

What tests are used in the diagnosis of typhoid fever? (2 examples)

Blood culture, stool culture, Gruber Widal tube agglutination

Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis? (2 examples)

Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Choleraesuis

What are the causative agents of dysentery? (2 examples)

Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei

What are the symptoms of dysentery? (2 examples)

Bloody diarrhoea, fever, tenesmus

Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?

Yersinia pestis

How does plague spread? (2 examples)

By the bite of the rat flea and by respiratory droplets.

What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia, wound infection, bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection.

What is the causative agent of cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

Which Vibrio species cause human diseases?

Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus

What are the characteristic biochemical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Obligate aerobic, oxidase positive

What is the colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stains the culture media, the colonies have grape-like smells.

What is the microscopic morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Gram-negative, motile rod

What are the most frequent diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Nosocomial lung infections, wound and bloodstream infections

What is the treatment of the diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Multiresistant, based on antibiogram

Give 1 example for a Burkholderia species.

Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia cepacia

What is the most common source of the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii?

Hospital environment

What does MACI mean in microbiology?

Multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii

What are the most common infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophila?

Nosocomial lung infection, sepsis

What is characteristic for antibiotic sensitivity of Stenotrophomonas maltophila?

Multiresistant

How can Legionella pneumophila spread?

By aerosol

How can we diagnose legionellosis?

By serology from blood, by immune chromatography from urine.

Which bacterium can cause chronic gastritis or stomach ulcer?

Helicobacter pylori

What is the most important culturable anaerobic member of the normal flora of the large bowel?

Bacteroides fragilis

Which genera belong to the Spirochaetales order?

Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira

What are the causative agents of Plaut-Vincent angina?

Treponema vincentii and Fusobacteria

What is the causative agent of syphilis?

Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum

How can syphilis spread?

By sexual contact, transplacental, by blood transfusion and by organ transplantation.

What is the first symptom in syphilis?

Ulcus durum – painless hard ulcer, enlarged lymph nodes.

In which stage of syphilis can a rash appear all over the body?

2nd stage

In which stages is syphilis contagious?

1st and 2nd stages and in the first 2 years of latency. At 3rd stage only in utero transmission is possible.

When can neurosyphilis develop during the infection?

In all stages of the disease

What is the specific diagnosis of syphilis?

ELISA, TPHA, TPPA

What non-treponemal serological reactions are used for in syphilis?

RPR and VDRL - To determine the stages of syphilis - To detect reinfection - To check the effectiveness of the therapy.

What are the non-specific treponemal serological reactions?

RPR and VDRL

What kind of diseases can be caused by Borrelia?

Lyme disease and relapsing fever

How can Lyme disease spread?

Tick bite

What are the pathogens of Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii

What is the causative agent of epidemic relapsing fever?

Borrelia recurrentis

What is the vector of Lyme disease?

Tick

What is the vector of Borrelia recurrentis?

Body louse

What is the molecular background of relapsing fever?

Bacterial antigen changing

What is the first symptom of Lyme disease?

Erythema chronicum migrans

What is the causative agent of Weil’s disease?

Leptospira sp.

What are the characteristics of the meningitis caused by Leptospira?

Serous, non-purulent

What is the source of the infection caused by Leptospira?

Zoonotic diseases, can spread by the urine of animals

How can Lyme disease be diagnosed?

By serology, ELISA screening test and for confirmation immunoblot is used

Which bacteria have no cell wall?

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma.

Which bacteria cause atypical pneumonia?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila

What is the causative agent of typhus exanthematous?

Rickettsia prowazekii

What is the causative agent of Q-fever?

Coxiella burnetii

What is the causative agent of parrot fever?

Chlamydophila psittaci

What is the causative agent of trachoma?

Chlamydia trachomatis, serotype A-C

What kind of disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1-L3?

Lymphogranuloma venereum.

What is the effect of the bacterial AB exotoxins?

They are: neurotoxins, protein synthesis inhibitors or ion secretion enhancers.

What is the effect of the cholera toxin?

Increasing of the cAMP, enhancing the ion secretion

What are the causative agents of impetigo contagiosa?

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes

What is the causative agent of erysipelas?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What is the causative agent of walking pneumonia?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

What is the causative agent of Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

List 4 capsulated bacteria.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis

How many percentage of adults are carriers of Staphylococcus aureus?

20-30%

How many different kinds (serotypes) of capsule can be produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Approximately 100

What is the most common pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What kind of vaccines can be used to prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Prevenar-13: Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 type of capsule conjugated to protein – recommended for newborns and in elderly. Pneumovax: Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 type of capsule – recommended for adults and teenagers.

What is the most frequent bacterial cause of STD?

Chlamydia trachomatis D-K

How are Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infections treated?

Macrolide or doxycycline (β-lactams don’t work)

How is Chlamydia trachomatis D-K diagnosed?

Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) e.g., PCR from genital specimen

What are the most important nosocomial bacteria? (3)

MRSA, coagulase negative staphylococci, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter, VRE, C. difficile, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus

What is VRE?

Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus

What is MRSE?

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis

What are MRSA and MRSE resistant to?

β-lactams, except for 5th generation cephalosporins

What type of acute infections are caused by Campylobacter sp.?

Gastroenteritis with diarrhoea and vomiting

What type of infection is caused by Yersinia enterocolitica?

Gastroenteritis

What are the most frequent causes of urinary tract infections (UTI)? (3)

E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Systemic Bact. Min Q Flashcards

(162 cards)