1
Q
What are the two preconditions of natural selection ?
A
- variation: must be slightly diff from one another
- heredity: Variation will be passed on from parent to offspring
2
Q
What is natural selection ?
A
- individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive & reproduce at higher rates
- indvidual and laiter impacts the population
3
Q
What is neutral variation ?
A
- inherited traits that do not give you an advantage in the environment
4
Q
What is addaptive evolution ?
A
- evolution resulting in better match between organisms & their environment
- a solution to a problem which the organism had faced before
- can lead to new species
5
Q
Is addaptive evolution a overall fast or slow process?
A
- fast process
6
Q
Name an example regarding adaptive evolution: (cats and sandy condition)
A
- yellow cat are less likly to be seen in a sandy eniviorment so their will be more snady cats then black cats
7
Q
What is a genetic drift ?
A
- chance events cause allele frequencies to change drastically in one direction unpredictably (at random) from one generation to the next
- to fixed allels distributed in every individual of an population
- loss of variation
8
Q
What are the preconditions of genetic drift ?
A
- Small group:
1. Founder effect
2. Bottleneck effect
9
Q
What is the founder effect ?
A
- When a few people get isolated from a larger population and develop new gene pool
10
Q
What is the Bottelneck effect ?
A
- sudden change in environment drastically reduces size of population by chance certain alleles may be over-/ underrepresented/ absent
11
Q
What is a gene flow ?
A
- Transfer of alleles in out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals/ their gametes
- can reduce genetic differences
12
Q
What is the mutation and selection balance ?
A
- Mutation gives new genetics variation and selection reduces them (genetic pool always stays the same)
13
Q
What is relative fitness ?
A
- the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
14
Q
Accodring to natural selection which changes first the genotype or phenotype ?
A
- phentoype and laiter on genotype
- Example: Aa = yellow
and AA = yellow but the small a is still in the genotype and existing
15
Q
What is the fitness of allele ?
A
- average of the relative productive success of the different phenotypes
- not the organism who will undergo natural selection it is about the alleles -> highest fittness will survive
16
Q
What is purifying selection ?
A
- It is an extrem from of stabilising selection
- Defintion: allele that does something useful is fixed at a locus, any arising mutations will have lower fitness and be weeded out
17
Q
What is the connection between purifying selection and Mendel’s deleterious mutations/ diseases ?
A
- They can not be weeded out because they are on different locus loci
- so during purifying selection only on loci get stabelized
18
Q
What is phenotypic plasticity ?
A
- the ability of one genotype to produce more then one phenotype when exposed to diff enviorment
19
Q
What is inconsisent selection ?
A
- Selection is moving around so not a stable
20
Q
What is directional selection ?
A
- Shifts the overall makeup of the population by favouring variants that are at one extreme
- > entire graph move to the right or left
21
Q
What is disruptive selcetion ?
A
- When conditions favour variants at both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes
22
Q
What is stabilising selection ?
A
- Optimal lvl is reached
Cut of the extremes - goes more to the mean
23
Q
What was malthus opnion on natural selection ?
A
- population could grow exponentially but they do not do it
- Why ? unable to find a mate / competition 7 limited ressoureces
24
Q
What is the conclusion regarding alturistic behavior and selfish behavior ?
A
- Ingroup = alturistic have a disadvantge
- outgroup = alturistic would have an advantage
- > if there is a oast for an indvidual and a advantge for the group this behavior will not be passed on
- Evolution does not produce outcomes which are good for species
25
What is sexual dimorphism ?
- Definition: difference between male and female forms of the same species
26
What is sexual selection ?
Ability to gain easier mates by having something which the opposite sex finds attractive
27
What is the trade point regarding sexual selection ?
- when the beneficial advantage allways comes with coast
| - Trade point: Coast > Advantage
28
What is the batemans principle ?
- Male reproductive success increases with each partner because guys produce ulimited gametes and woman have limited egg cells so females are choosy
29
What is Ornamitation ?
- being more attractive via your look
30
What is intrasexual selection and what is inter sexual selection ?
- intra: Males fighting
| - Inter: female choose
31
What is Sex role reversal ?
- typical sex differences are reversed when the roles und caretaking are reversed
32
What is extra pair maiting ?
- female mates with males other than the social partner, usually the extra mate is a “good gene”
33
Why are woman choosy ?
1. sexy son hypothesis
| 2. The good genes hypothesis
34
What is the sexy son hypothesis ?
- Fisher said that -> that the alleles for the preference and the trait are fitting together
- > Brother would have the trait and sister the preference
- > she will have good looking off spring
35
What is the good gene hypothesis ?
- A good looking tail needs some work with showes if they have it that they are doing well at the enviorment
- > offsrping will also fit in the eviormen betert
36
Are the good gene hypothesis and the sexy son hypothesis correlated or seperated ?
- correlated
37
What are the differnces and similarities regarding sexual selection in human males and females ?
- Male = short term meeting + higehr reprodcutive succes because of economics but general equal reproductive success
- Female = Extra pair meeting
- Both are very choosy cause thy have to put al lot in there off-spring
38
Why is the natural selection ratio between females and males 50% vs 50% ?
- no advantage if producing more of either sex
| - If there would be more of the one sex then the other sex had an advantage and visa vers
39
Why can't an organism become more perfect ?
1. adaption is constantly behind (first enviorment change then organism)
2. Selection can act only on existing variations (fittest phenotypes are not allways the best)
3. An events can ruin process (gentic drift)
4. Adaption works on already existing traits rather than building new structures from scratch
5. Adaptions are often compromises
6. Needs a near-continuous positive gradient of improvement
40
What are the mechanism of maintance ? and what do they maintain ?
- They want to maintain genetic variation cause this gives us an advantage in the enviorment
41
Why is heterozyggote advantage a mechansim of maintanance of gentic variation ?
- heterozygous have an advantage because they are protectet against rezessive desesisas (sickle cell) also by having only on of the sickle cell allele they are protect /gain an advantage !
42
Why is Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection a mechansim of maintanance of gentic variation ?
- Fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population (fitness high when rare)
- Left handsided people are favored in a tenis match
- so it is justt good to keep both even though it not necessary
43
Why is inconsistent selection a mechansim of maintanance of gentic variation ?
- selctive optimum moves around depending on enviorment
| - so it is good to have variation
44
Why is Sexually Antagonistic Selection a mechansim of maintanance of gentic variation ?
- because maybe the optimal phenotype isn’t the same for male and female
- basically inconsistent selection in bodys
45
What is the Adaptationist stance/ hypothesis ?
- if some feature/ behaviour is commonly found in an organism it was probably an efficient design solution to a problem that the organism had faced
- different ways on solving the problem
46
What is important/advantage about diploidy?
- diploid organism have more variation which might not be important for there enviormental condition but important for the next generation enviormental condition (offspring)
- hidden alleles / recessive genes
47
What are the relatedness regarding bees ?
- Brother to Brother = 50%
- Farther to daugther =100%
- Daughter to Father 50%
- Sister to sister =75%
- Queen to Drone = 50%
- Drone to Queen = 100%
- Sister to brother = 0,25
- Brother to brother = 0,5
DRAW !!
Evolution and genetics
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