What are the four teaching skills that are essential?
- People Skills
- Subject Matter Expertise
- Management Skills
- Assessment Skills
Explain the four basic steps involved in the teaching process.
- Preparation - Determining the scope of the lesson, the objectives, and the goals to be attained, and ensuring that the necessary supplies are available.
- Presentation - Consists of delivering information or demonstrating the skills that make up the lesson.
- Application - The student performs the procedure or demonstrates the knowledge required in the lesson.
- Review and Evaluation - Consists of a review of all material and an evaluation of the student’s performance.
Describe the steps necessary in preparing a lesson plan.
- Determine the objective of the lesson.
- Research the subject as defined by the objective.
- Determine the method of instruction and lesson plan format.
- Decide how to organize the lesson and select suitable supporting materials.
- Assemble training aids.
- Write the lesson plan outline.
What elements should a lesson plain contain?
- The lesson objective
- Content
- Schedule
- Equipment
- Instructor’s Actions
- Student’s Actions
- Completion Standards
The traditional organization for a lesson consists of what steps?
- Introduction - consists of three elements
- Attention : The instructor gains the student’s attention and focuses it on the subject.
- Motivation : The instructor offers the student specific reasons why the lesson content is important.
- Overview : The instructor gives a clear concise presentation of what is to be covered during the lesson. - Development - The main part of the lesson in which the instructor logically organizes the material to show the relationships of the main points in one of the following ways : from past to present, simple to complex, known to unknown, or most-frequently used to least-frequently used.
- Conclusion - Retraces the important elements of the lesson and relates them to the objective.
Define the following : Course of training, curriculum, training course outline, and syllabus.
Course of Training - A complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal such as a certification of completion, graduation, or an academic degree.
Curriculum - A set of courses in an area of specialization offered by an educational institution.
Training Course Outline - The content of a particular course within a curriculum.
Syllabus - A summary or outline of a course of study that generally contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards.
What are the initial steps in planning a course of training?
- Determine the overall objectives and standards.
- Identify the foundation blocks of learning.
- Design and develop the blocks of learning.
What are the two types of training objectives used in aviation training?
- Performance-Based Objectives - Define what needs to be done and how it will be done. They consist of three elements : a description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria.
- Decision-Based Objectives - Teach critical thinkings skills such as risk management and ADM. They facilitate a higher level of learning and application through the use of dynamic and meaningful scenarios.
What are several common teaching methods an instructor may use to present instructional material?
- Lecture Method - Delivered by an instructor to a group of students.
- Discussion Method - Short lecture followed by instructor-student and student-student discussion.
- Guided Discussion Method - Instructor participates only as necessary to keep the group focuses on the subject.
- Problem-Based Learning - Instructor confronts students with problems encountered in real life that force them to reach real world solutions.
- E-Learning - Computer-based method of delivery.
- Cooperative or Group Learning - Students organized into smaller groups that work together to maximize their own and each other’s learning.
- Demonstration-Performance Method - Instructor first shows the student correct way to perform an activity and then has the student attempt the same activity.
- Drill and Practice Method - Based on the law of exercise.
Describe the ‘lecture’ method of teaching.
This method is delivered by an instructor to a student or group of students with the use of instructional aids and training devices. Lectures are useful for the presentation of new material, summarizing ideas, and showing relationships between theory and practice.
Explain the ‘guided discussion’ method of teaching.
This method relies on student possession of a level of knowledge about the topic to be discussed, either through reading prior to class or a short lecture to set up the topic to be discussed. The goal of guided discussion is to draw out what the students know.
Explain the ‘demonstration-performance’ method.
This method is based on the principle that people learn by doing. The instructor first shows the student the correct way to perform an activity and then has the student attempt the same activity. Students observe the skill and then try to reproduce it. This method is best used for the mastery of mental or physical skills that require practice.
What are the five essential phases of the demonstration-performance method of teaching?
- Explanation - Must be clear, be pertinent to the objectives of the lesson, and convey to students the precise actions they are to perform.
- Demonstration - The instructor must show the students the actions necessary to perform a skill.
- Student Performance - Requires student to act and do. Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards.
- Instructor Supervision - Instructor supervises and coaches as necessary.
- Evaluation - The instructor judges student performance and determines effectiveness of instruction.
Explain the steps involved in the telling-and-doing technique of flight instructing.
This technique is a variation of the demonstration-performance method and is very effective in teaching procedures and maneuvers.
- Instructor Tells - Instructor Does
- Student Tells - Instructor Does
- Student Tells - Student Does
- Instructor Evaluates - Student Does
Describe the ‘problem-based’ approach to teaching.
PBL presents lessons in a way that confronts the student with problems that are encountered in real life, which forces them to reach real-world solutions. It starts with a carefully constructed problem for which there is no single solution.
What are the three types of problem-based instruction?
- Scenario Based : Training that uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment.
- Collaborative Problem-Solving : Collaboration (two or more people working together) to solve problems.
- Case Study - A written or oral account of a real-world situation that contains a message that educates the student.
Explain the difference between instructional aids and training media.
Instructional Aids : Devices that assist an instructor in the teaching-learning process. They are not self-supporting; they support, supplement, or reinforce what is being taught.
Training Media : Any physical means that communicates an instructional message to students. Examples include printed text, interactive computer programs, flight training devices, etc.
When planning a lesson, what general guidelines may be used concerning the use of instructional aids?
- Clearly establish the lesson objective; be certain of what is to be communicated.
- Gather the necessary data by researching for supporting material.
- Organize the material into an outline or a lesson plan. The plan should include all key points that need to be covered.
- Select the ideas to be supported with instructional aids. The aids should be concentrated on the key points.
When is use of instructional aids appropriate?
- For long segments of a technical description.
- When a point is complex and difficult to put into words.
- When instructors finds themselves forming visual images.
- When students are puzzled by an explanation or description.
Why are instructional aids useful in helping students learn?
- Gain and hold attention of students.
- Increase students’ knowledge retention.
- Provide an accurate visual image and make learning easier for the student.
- Clarify the relationships between material objects and concepts.
- Instructors teach more in a shorter time frame.
