Techniques and Applications

Question 1

is used to samples at very high speeds that is to as much as 150,000 rotations per minute (rpm)

Answer 1

ultracentrifugation

Question 2

application of ultracentrifugation

Answer 2

1. Splitting two miscible substances
2. Examining the hydrodynamic properties of macromolecules
3. Purification of mammalian cells
4. Division of subcellular organelles
   and of membrane vesicles
5. Eliminating fat from milk to produce skimmed milk

Question 3

breaks away charged particles
in a fluid using a field of electrical charge. By using this method separation of protein
molecules and DNA is realized through several procedures based on the type, size
density and purity of molecules.

Answer 3

electrophoresis

Question 4

applications of electrophoresis

Answer 4

1. DNA Analysis
2. Protein and antibody interactions
3. Testing antibiotics
4. Testing vaccines

Question 5

separates molecules depending on their molecular size by filtration through a gel.

Answer 5

Size Exclusion Chromatography (Molecular Exclusion Chromatography)

Question 6

applications of SEC

Answer 6

a. Purification
b. Molecular weight determination
c. Solution concentration
d. Desalting:
e. Protein building studies:

Question 7

refers to the different techniques which make use of radiation in order to obtain data on the structure and properties of matter, that is used for solving a
wide variety of analytical problems.

Answer 7

spectroscopy

Question 8

meaning spirit or ghost

Answer 8

spectron

Question 9

means looking onto the world

Answer 9

skopein

Question 10

applications of spectroscopy

Answer 10

1. Colorimetric tests that probe different water properties (such as acidity) are now
   available in simple kit forms, using visual colormatching or portable colorimeters.
2. Emission spectroscopy or atomic absorption in the visible and ultraviolet regions
   can determine metals in samples of water or solids.
3. Infrared spectroscopy enables environmental analysts to determine the
   concentration of specific compounds in the air mass.

Question 11

a kind of molecular spectroscopy method that utilizes the wavelength dependent
absorption characteristics of materials in order to identify and quantify certain
substances

Answer 11

absorption spectroscopy

Question 12

applications of absorption spectroscopy

Answer 12

1.Detection of Impurities
2. Elucidation of organic compounds’ structure.
3.Quantitative analysis
5.Dissociation constants of acids and bases.
6.Chemicalkinetics
7.Quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical substances
8.Determination of molecular weight

Question 13

the phenomenon where a molecule absorbs light within its
absorption band and then emits this light at longer wavelengths within its emission
band

Answer 13

fluorescence spectroscopy

Question 14

applications of fluorescence spectroscopy

Answer 14

1. Fluorescent probes which is used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect
   biological compounds present in low concentration.
2. Protein structure
3. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)
4. Fluorescence spectroscopy plays an important function in modern food analysis
5. Spectroscopy offers many analytical methods for samples in forensic science

Question 15

is an analytic technique by
which chemical substances are identified by the sorting of gaseous ions in electric and
magnetic fields according to their mass-to-charge ratios.

Answer 15

mass spectrometry

Question 16

applications of mass spectrometry

Answer 16

1. Identification of the isotopes of the chemical elements and determination of their
   precise masses and relative abundances.
2. The dating of geologic samples.
3. Analysis of inorganic and organic chemicals especially for small amounts of
   impurities.
4. Structural formula determination of complex organic substances,
5. Determination of strengths of chemical bonds and energies.

Question 17

a laboratory technique for the study of the internal
structure of crystalline material

Answer 17

X-Ray Crystallography

Question 18

applications of X-Ray Crystallography

Answer 18

1. Forensic examination
2. Drug identification
3. Bone examination
4. Integrated circuits investigation
5. Determining atomic structure

Question 19

use of the ___ phenomenon to study physical, chemical and biological properties of matter.

Answer 19

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Question 20

applications of NMR

Answer 20

1. Quality control
2. Determination of the content and purity of a sample as well as its molecular
   structure.
3. Study chemical structure using simple one-dimensional techniques.
4. Determination of protein structure.
5. Investigation of molecular dynamics in solution.
6. Determination of the molecular structure of solids.

Question 21

is a technique for obtaining high resolution images of
biological and non-biological specimens.

Answer 21

Electron microscopy (EM)

Question 22

applications of electron microscopy

Answer 22

1. Electron microscopy is often used for industrial purposes to assist in developing
   new products and throughout the manufacturing process.
2. Electron microscopy may be used to characterize and analyze organic materials,
   which is important information for mining companies.
3. Electron microscopy aids in the analysis to provide evidence for crime and law
   purposes.

Question 23

It is used widely to collect data on various
mechanical, functional and electrical properties at the nanoscale including for
topography (surface) studies.

Answer 23

Atomic Force Microscopy

Question 24

applications of AFM

Answer 24

1. Semiconductor science and technology
2. Thin film and coatings
3. Tribology (surface and friction interactions)
4. Surface chemistry
5. Polymer chemistry and physics
6. Cell biology
7. Molecular biology

Question 25

are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to hold and move microscopic objects like atoms, nanoparticles and droplets

Answer 25

Optical Tweezers

Question 26

applications of optical tweezers

Answer 26

1. Entrapment of dielectric spheres, viruses, bacteria, living cells, organelles, small metal particles, and even strands of DNA. 2. Confinement and organization (e.g. for cell sorting), tracking of movement (e.g. of bacteria), application and measurement of small forces, and altering of larger structures (such as cell membranes). 3. Study of molecular motors and the physical properties of DNA.

Question 27

used to measure the ion currents through the membranes of excitable cells; such as neurons, while holding the membrane voltage at a set level.

Answer 27

Voltage Clamp

Question 28

method is a intracellular recording involving measurement of the voltage difference across the cellular membrane while injecting constant positive or negative current into the cell.

Answer 28

Current Clamp

Question 29

is a laboratory technique for studying currents in living cells.

Answer 29

Patch Clamp

Question 30

application of voltage clamp, current clamp, patch clamp

Answer 30

cellular biology

Question 31

This is the process of measuring the amount of heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.

Answer 31

Calorimetry

Question 32

releases heat

Answer 32

exothermic

Question 33

absorbs heat

Answer 33

endothermic

Question 34

applications of calorimetry

Answer 34

1. Chemical transformation of biopolymers 2. Food characterization 3. Organisms – Bacterial growth – Thermogenesis of plants – Metabolism investigation