What are the three levels of biological information?
DNA and proteins and biological systems
How many amino acids in an average protein?
350
How many different kinds of amino acids are there?
20
What is the central dogma of genetics?
Genetic information flows in two stages. DNA, RNA, protein
What is DNA to RNA called
Transcription
What is RNA to protein called?
Translation
Who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
What is the basic units of heredity
Gene
What is the way the jeans transmit traits from parents to offspring
Heredity
What was the first apply genetic technique
Artificial selection
Define parental
Always breed true. Assumed to be homozygous
Define the product rule
Probability of two independent events occurring together
Define the sum rule.
Probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occurring
What is Mendels law of segregation
Alternative alleles of a character separate from each other and heterozygous individuals during the transmission from parent to offspring.
Define test cross
Across of an individual to determine genotype
What is Mendels law of independent assortment
During gamete formation different pairs of alleles segregate independent of each other
Define pedigrees
Ordered diagrams of the families relevant genetic features
Define pleiotropy
One gene controlling several traits
Define epistasis
When one allele hides another. Example lab dogs
Each gene has how many alleles
400 to 1200
Define allele frequency
The frequency of the total number of gene copies for one allele in a population
Define heterogeneous traits
Have the same phenotype that are caused by mutations in different genes. Example deafness
The interaction of two incomplete dominant genes can produce how many phenotypes
Nine
Penetrance
The percent of the population with a particular genotype that shows the expected phenotype
