Test 1 Flashcards by Jake Aleck

What lobe does sensory information?

parietal lobe

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What lobe does motor information?

frontal lobe

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What is neuroplasticity?

change in the brain when learning new information

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What are the three basic ways the brain can change to support learning?

Chemical, alter structure, and alter function

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What is the leading cause of long term disability in adults in the world?

Stroke

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What are the two lessons learned studying the brain after stroke?

neuroplasticity varies, what works for one person doesn’t work for the other

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What are the two types of stroke?

hemorrhagic and infarct

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What lobe is responsible for language?

Left frontal

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What lobe is responsible for putting tone and inflection in language?

R frontal

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Compression of the radial nerve against the head of the humerus, Weakness in all radial nerve innervated muscles and sensation over the dorsal lateral
hand, thumb, and fingers

crutch palsy

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Compression of the radial nerve from prolonged stretch in spiral groove of humerus under the common insertion of the deltoid and triceps which roofs over the spiral groove

Weakness in brachioradialis, wrist and finger extensors, and sensory loss over the dorsal lateral hand, thumb, and fingers

saturday night palsy

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what are the terminal branches of the radial nerve and are they sensory or motor?

deep radial (motor) and superficial radial nerve (sensory)

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Entrapment of the deep radial nerve (motor) as it passes thru the Arcade of Froshe in the supinator leading to weakness of the finger and wrist extensors

supinator syndrome

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Compression of the superficial radial nerve as it enters
the hand
- Sensory loss over the dorsal lateral hand, thumb, and fingers

handcuff neuropathy

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Ulnar nerve as it passes around the olecranon to enter the cubital tunnel
- Compression from holding head in hand with elbow flexed on edge of table, trauma to nerve from hiWng a point (table, countertop, etc)

retrocubital compression

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Compression of the ulnar nerve in cubital tunnel
- Repetitive episodes of medial epicondylitis resulting in a thicken roof over tunnel compressing nerve in the tunnel
• Weakness in ulnar hand muscles, decreased sensation in proper digital ulnar, palmar ulnar and dorsal ulnar nerves.

cubital tunnel syndrome

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Weakness in ulnar innervated hand muscles, sensa3on loss over palmar aspects of medial one and a half digits.

Pisiform-Hamate Syndrome

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Boney spur on anterior distal humerus with a ligament stretching from spur to medial epicondyle, roofing over the medial neurovascular bundle, median nerve and brachial artery.

Can compress median nerve leading to a Pronator syndrome with a weak pronator and sensory loss over palmar aspect of lateral 3 1⁄2 digits and skin over thenar eminence

• Ligament of Struthers

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Poorly localized forearm pain and weakness of flexion of the DIP joint of Digit 1 (flexor pollicis longus) and the DIP joints of Digit 2 & 3 ( flexor digitorum profundus of digits 2 & 3). Patient cannot make an “OK” sign with their thumb and index fingers as DIP joints do not flex due to muscle weakness.

anterior interosseous syndrome

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Median nerve compressed between the two heads of the pronator teres
- Weakness in all median muscles distal to the pronator teres • Flexorcarpiradialis • Palmarislongus • Flexordigitorumsuperficialis
• Flexorpolliicislongus, • Flexordigitorumprofundus,Digits2&3 • Abd.Poll.Brevis • Opponenspollicis • Flexorpollbrevis • LumbricalI&II
- Sensory loss over palmar aspect of lateral 3 1⁄2 digits and skin over thenar eminence

pronator syndrome

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Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
• Weakness of median innervated intrinsic hand muscles - Abd. Poll. Brevis
- Opponens pollicis - Flexor poll brevis - Lumbrical I & II
• Sensory loss over the palmar aspect of lateral 3 1⁄2 digits

carpal tunnel syndrome

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medial wall of the motor homunculus is supplied by?

anterior cerebral a.

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convexity of the motor homunculus

middle cerebral a.

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thalamus is

sensory

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globus pallidus and putamen

motor

decreases facilitation of Interneuron

Decreased UMN firing

RMP moves closer to threshold

Decreased inhib of LMN

Decreases facilitation of LMN Tap tendon see more LMNs fire to muscle Hypereflexia

Decreased UMN firing

The most common nontraumatic condition and usually affects the upper plexus and shoulder girdle muscles

Neuralgia amyotrophy

Stretch injuries to the upper trunk may be combined with a C5 C6 root avulsion which is?

erb's palsy

weakness of the shoulder and upper arm and sparing of hand

upper trunk lesions

Weakness occurs in the general territory of the radial nerve with partial involvement of the triceps and other C7 innervated muscles and sparing of the brachioradialis Numbness or loss of sensation occurs in the D3 and sometimes D2 Triceps reflex may be reduced

middle trunk lesions

Weakness in all intrinsic hand muscles and sparing of the shoulder and brachial muscles The finger flexors and extensors in the forearm are weak Numbness or loss of sensation occurs in the medial brachium, medial antebrachium and median hand, involving D5 and medial half of D4

lower trunk lesion

pain begins abruptly and more severe at night and after 3-10 days weakness begins in the shoulder and upper arm

neuralgia amyotrophy

T or F? In saturday night palsy triceps are not weak

internal capsule thru brainstem

Corticospinal

80% of corticospinal fibers that decussate in the medullary pyramids and descend in the posterior lateral white columns

Lateral Corticospinal

20% of corticospinal fibers that do NOT decussate in the medullary pyramids and descend in the anterior white columns

Anterior Corticospinal

descends to the spinal cord, where it facilitates ipsilateral extensor muscle tone of the trunk and limbs.

lateral vestibulospinal tract

gives rise to fibers that ascend to the occulomotor nucleus via the MLF and fibers that descend to the cervical and upper thoracic spinal levels

medial vestibular nucleus

Arises from the superior colliculus, crosses in the dorsal segmental decussation, and descends to influence muscles of the neck and upper back. - It functions to move the head in response to external stimuli and to maintain head position in relation to body position

Tectospinal tract

arise from the oral and caudal pontine reticular nuclei and facilitates extensor muscles, especially of the trunk and proximal limbs.

uncrossed pontine (medial) reticulospinal tracts

arises from the gigantocellular reticular nucleus and is primarily uncrossed but with a small crossed component. - It inhibits antigravity muscles and is involved in autonomic function.

medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract

Hyperreflexia Hypertonia in flexors of upper limb and extensors of lower limb Spasticity - hypertonia in above pattern Clonus

Signs of UMN (cortex) lesion

Hyporeflexia Hypertonia in all muscles Rigidity - decreased recipricol inhibition so agonist And antagonist co-contract decreasing amplitude of movement

Signs of UMN (brainstem) lesion

where are lower motor neuron cell bodies?

Ventral horn of cord

hyporeflexia Hypotonia Weakness Atrophy Twitches (fasciculations) - spontaneous depolarization of a motor unit

LMN lesion

Cell body lives in the ventral horn of the spinal cord | • Axon travels out of ventral horn via the ventral root to join the sensory fibers to form the mixed spinal nerve

Aa Motor Neuron

Cell body in ventral horn • Project out to intrafusal fibers of nuclear chain and extrafusal fibers • Project out to intramural fibers of the nuclear bag and extrafusal fibers • Poorly characterized in humans

A beta motor neuron

lives in the ventral horn • Axon leaves the ventral horn in the ventral root and joins the mixed spinal nerve • Axon travels to the skeletal muscle and innervates the intrafusal muscles

Gamma Motor Neuron

The preganglionic autonomic axons are ___ fibers.

live in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord and leave via the ventral root and briefly courses along with the mixed spinal nerve

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

The preganglionic autonomic axons are __ fibers

live in the brain stem and in the lumbosacral outflow.

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

The postganglionic autonomic axons are ___ fibers

activated by the preganglionic sympathetic fibers (Ach) that project out to smooth muscles and glands (NA)

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Preganglionic autonomic fibers both release ?

Ach

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers are

short

Preganglionic paraympathetic fibers are

long

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers are

long

Postganglionic paraympathetic fibers are

short

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers release

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release

Ach

function of Lat Cortiospinal tract

motor

Post Column/Medial Lemniscal function

Sensory ( vibration, joint position, fine touch)

Anterior Lateral System function

Sensory (pain, temperature, crude touch)

``` Cell bodies in ventral horn Axons leave cord in motor root Axons travel in peripheral nerve Aα fibers, largest motor fibers in body Aα axons terminate near extrafusal muscle fibers ```

Alpha Motor Neurons

Cell bodies in ventral horn Axons leave cord in motor root Axons travel in peripheral nerve Aγ fibers, Aγ axons terminate on intrafusal muscle fibers Sets tone on intrafusal muscle fiber which sets gain on the muscle spindle

Gamma Motor Neurons

Test 1 Flashcards

(68 cards)