Test 2 Flashcards

Question

How do mass media and social norms affect each other?

Answer 1

Media simultaneously reflects and creates the world we live in Social norms and mass media cause each other Mass media provide us with values and norms But, of course, media are created by people with their own biases and opinions

Answer 2

The most important aspects of social life are those concepts we learn without anyone teaching us

Answer 3

Cannot explain everything about a person’s development and personality Biology + Social Environment = Self (combination of biology and social interactions make us who we are)

Answer 4

1) Lack of speech and intellectual ability result of social isolation 2) Impossible for any child to learn to speak, think, and act like normal person after long periods of isolation (Piaget: critical periods, language (birth to puberty) 3) Socialization is related to organic development 4)Human nature = social contacts + organic equipment. Communicative symbols are highly complex and acquired early in life from long and intimate training Illegitimate child Mother’s father hated seeing her Found around 5 years old Bound to chair in dark attic Left alone since birth except for small meals Undernourished, couldn't speak, no use of limbs, couldn’t walk Didn’t respond to light and sound like other kids Taken to hospital giggles and coos when tickled Eventually able to make speech sounds and get some control of body, but never fully developed and died a few years later Doctor’s: intellectual disability, would not have survived since birth

Answer 5

Self Generalized Other

Answer 6

Aka: looking glass self 1) We imagine how others see us 2) We imagine how others are judging us 3) We react accordingly Charles Horton Cooley -Theorized that “self” emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and imagine how those others see us - E.g. like positive responses, so replicate our actions to get positive response; use others as a “mirror” to tell us if that is good or bad - Appearance: hair, clothing - Goals/decisions - Actions

Answer 7

George Herbert Mead An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in variety of settings, regardless of whether it’s been encountered before Concept of the “generalized” allows them to apply norms and behaviors learned in specific situations to new situations

Answer 8

``` Families School Peers Media Work Total Institutions ```

Answer 9

Parenting strategies vary by social class and points out that it’s unclear whether these differences affect the long-term outcomes of children Concerted Cultivation vs. Natural Growth

Answer 10

Involves high levels of extracurricular activities (which prepare children for success in middle class adult world, but requires time and money, usually by mom) Favored by middle class Parents encourage negotiation and discussion and questioning of authority Helps with careers because they learn how to navigate complex social institutions Develops large vocab through regular discussion Teaches to be comfortable in discussions with people of authority May give children sense of entitlement (more deserving than others), result in disrespect toward authority figures Decreased creativity with free time; result in inability to relax

Answer 11

Emphasizes loving children and providing for them and giving children much more leisure time that is self-directed and unstructured Favored by working-class Parents issue directives/orders to their children rather than negotiations Encourage following and trusting people in authority positions Don’t structure their children’s daily activities, but rather let children play on their own (encourages creativity) These parents usually have less time to spend with children due to jobs and don’t have money to hire help Benefits that prepare children for a job in “working-class” Teaches them to respect and take advice from people in authority Allows children to become independent at younger age Helps children learn to navigate complex social structures Less consistent parent-child time may result in children being more inhibited and reserved

Answer 12

A change in values, beliefs, or norms, through an intense social process Ex: -taking on new role like spouse or new job - going to new school - moving to new city - entering or leaving military (morality of killing someone) - entering or leaving prison

Answer 13

An institution in which one is totally immersed that controls all the basics of day-to-day life - Place of work and residence: where a great number of similarly situated people - Cut off from wider community: for a considerable time - Together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life - Ex: armed forces, prison, convent/monastery; boarding school - KEY: Do you sleep there?

Answer 14

Robert Merton's Role Theory provides way to describe social interaction Includes: Status Roles Role Strain Role Conflict Status Set Achieved Status Ascribed Status Master Status Gender Roles Volunteer (?$

Answer 15

Position in society that comes with set of expectations E.g. Student

Answer 16

Behaviors expected from a particular status

Answer 17

Occurs when roles associated with a single status class E.g. college student: study vs. party May lead to role exit

Answer 18

Occurs when roles associated with one status clash with roles associated with a different status E.g. employee but also mother, sleeping at radio station May lead to role exit

Answer 19

All statuses a person occupies at any particular time

Answer 20

One we have earned through individual effort or that is imposed by others E.g. college graduate, artists, convict

Answer 21

One we are born with that is unlikely to change E.g. race, sex, age

Answer 22

Identify your statuses

Answer 23

Status that seems to override all others and affects all other statuses that one possesses Key: people tend to interact with you on basis of this status alone Ex: “black man” black before man, car keys, women - catcalling

Answer 24

Set of behavioral norms associated primarily with males or females in a given social group or system Gender theorists argue that gender roles can be more powerful and influential than other roles that people fill

Answer 25

Goffman Views social life as theatrical performance in which we are all actors on metaphysical stages with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets

Answer 26

Goffman Face: Esteem in which an individual is held by others Saving Face: Essentially, the most important goal of impression management Preserving one’s reputation (status)

Answer 27

Garfinkel Method for studying social interactions, which involves having collaborators exhibit “abnormal” or “atypical” behaviors in social interactions in order to see how people would react Severity of reaction tells you how important norm is

Answer 28

Study of methods people use for understanding and producing social order in which they live Focuses on way people make sense of everyday world People are seen as rational actors, but use practical reasoning to make sense of and function in society Generally seeks to provide alternative to mainstream sociological approaches

Answer 29

Capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices (individual choices/free will)

Answer 30

Recurrent patterned arrangements which limit the choices or opportunities available

Answer 31

Shaped by both biology and environment 1) Openness: inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious 2) Conscientiousness: efficient/organized vs. Easy-going/careless 3) Extraversion: outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved 4) Agreeableness: friendly/compassionate vs. analytical/detached 5) Neuroticism: sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident

Answer 32

Informal Formal/crime

Answer 33

Any transgression of socially established norms Key: Negative reactions: what is deviant in one culture may not be in another culture Informal Formal

Answer 34

Informal Deviance: Minor transgressions of these norms E.g. farting in church Formal Deviance/Crime: Violation of laws enacted by society E.g. stealing a car

Answer 35

No act is inherently deviant in and of itself. Deviance is defined socially and will vary from one group to another

Answer 36

They are making social judgement, not a moral one

Answer 37

No, just different E.g. avg. woman’s shoe size in U.S. is 8.5-9, and woman with size 13 shoe is just different from norm; not bad

Answer 38

Refers to way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day-to-day basis (cooperation and connectedness) Without deviant behavior, hard to classify what is normal Normal is defined by its opposite -- abnormal When norms challenged, come together as a group to defend these norms Norm breaking and group reaction help establish social cohesion

Answer 39

Common faith or set of social norms by which members of society abide Without no moral unity, result in chaos

Answer 40

Emile Durkheim theorized that social cohesion is established through two types of solidarity: Mechanical Solidarity Organic Solidarity

Answer 41

Based on sameness of society’s parts or members Based on collective consciousness Not a lot of social divisions, not a lot of different groups First seen in pre-modern society Life conditions of farmers similar to one another during Feudal times

Answer 42

Based on interdependence of specialized parts or members First seen in modern society Stratified society, different groups, division and specialization

Answer 43

Punitive Restorative/Rehabilitative

Answer 44

Punitive = intended as punishment Focuses on making the violator suffer and thus defines the boundaries of acceptable behavior Societies with sameness tend to be characterized by this type of justice Acts: adultery, stealing vegetables, murder Reactions: hang, quarter, cut of hands Values: don’t care about personal life, motives Mechanical social sanctions reinforce acceptable behavior and unite through collective punishment Collective emotions and actions: cohesion and unity

Answer 45

Rehabilitative = restore to original state, to working condition Focuses on the specific circumstances of an individual transgressor and attempts to find ways to rehabilitate him or her Works best when individuals are not placed in health-threateningly bad conditions, enjoy access to medical care and protected from other forms of serious ill-treatment, are able to maintain ties to outside world, and learn new skills to assist them with working life on outside Societies with highly specialized roles tend to be characterized by this type of justice Acts: stealing, selling drugs, child abuse Reactions: rehabilitation Values: do care about motivations and personal life Social sanctions focus on the individual, tailored to specific conditions of perpetrator Seek to transform member into productive member of society

Answer 46

Set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals Informal Sanctions Formal Sanctions

Answer 47

norms and customs Are unspoken rules and expectations about the behavior of individuals “unwritten law” Help maintain a base level of order and cohesion in society and form a foundation for formal social control Reactions to breaching experiments

Answer 48

Practiced through law as statutes, rules, and regulations against deviant behavior Implemented by authorized agents like police officers, employers, military officers, judges, etc. E.g. written into law (Nevada Revised Statute), speeding 45 mph in 15 mph school zone and pulled over by police, official person to provide negative sanction (police, judge)

Answer 49

Act of abiding by society’s norms or simply following the rules of group

Answer 50

Social Integration: weak vs. strong ties to social group Social Regulation: aimed at restricting behaviors that directly threaten public health, safety welfare or well being Types of Suicide and Conditions: Egoistic - low integration (lonely) Altruistic - high integration (falling on grenade) Anomic - low regulation (market crash) Fatalistic - high regulation (slavery) Anomie: aimlessness when life no longer predictable; no social regulation; no norm

Answer 51

Merton Argues that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals - The ideology is: all people can obtain American dream - The reality is: not all people have the same opportunities to obtain the American Dream - Use illegitimate ways to reach legitimate goals

Answer 52

Part of Strain Theory 1) Conformist 2) Ritualist 3) Retreatist 4) Innovator 5) Rebel

Answer 53

Accept goals of society and means of achieving those goals Same means+same goals = conformist

Answer 54

Aren’t interested in goals of society, but do accept means of achieving those goals Same means+not same goals = ritualist

Answer 55

Don’t accept goals of society or the means of achieving those goals Reject means + reject goals = retreatist

Answer 56

Accept goals of society, but look for new, or innovative, ways of achieving those goals Not same means + same goals = innovator

Answer 57

Don’t accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals, so they create their own goals, using new mean Reject same means+reject same goals + wants new goals/means = rebel

Answer 58

Take a micro view of society, examining beliefs and assumptions people bring to their everyday interactions to find the causes or explanations for deviance ``` Examples: Labeling Theory Stigma Primary vs. Secondary Deviance Broken Window Theory ```

Answer 59

How the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping 1) people notice how they are labeled 2) Overtime they internalize label and accept it as “true” 3) People behave according to expectations of the label 4) deviance becomes a social construct

Answer 60

NOT SURE Becker and Rosenhan 1) people notice how they are labeled 2) Overtime they internalize label and accept it as “true” 3) People behave according to expectations of the label 4) deviance becomes a social construct

Answer 61

The extreme disapproval of a person or group on basis of a social characteristic that is perceived and serves to distinguish them, from other members of a society Negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person and also changes that person’s self-concept and social identity Has serious consequences in terms of the opportunities made available -- or more likely, not make available -- to people in a stigmatized group

Answer 62

Goffman 1) Physical stigma- based on overt, external differences. E.g. scars, effects of anorexia, leprosy, obesity, skin tone, physical disability 2) personal traits- talking too much, mental disorder, drug addiction, alcoholism, criminal background 3) Tribal Stigma- real or imagined traits of group that deviates from prevailing norm of other groups E.g. ethnic group, nationality, religion

Answer 63

Primary Deviance: First act of rule breaking, which may result in the rule breaker’s being labeled “deviant” and thus influencing how people think about and act toward him or her Ex: disruptive student in school moved to front of class Secondary Deviance: Acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of a person’s new, deviant label Ex: In front row and off task

Answer 64

Zimbardo Explains how social context and social cues affect the way individuals act People who wouldn’t exhibit a certain behavior in one social context might do so in another context where the behavior seems more permissible

Answer 65

Predictions/expectations which affect behavior that cause the expectations to come true Positive or negative Rosenthal-Jacobson Study: expectation of gifted students and performance was enhanced

Answer 66

Street Crime: refers to crime committed in public and is often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty (more prevalent and costs $15.5 billion/year) White Collar: committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business (more expensive and costs $300 billion/year) Corporate: a type of white-collar crime committed by the officers or executives of a company

Answer 67

Can be difficult to measure crime rates over time for variety of reasons, including: Changes in how crimes are defined (assault: add brawls at sporting events) Fluctuations in whether people report crimes (more reporting can make it seem like more crime even when there is less crime) In case of murders, improvements in medical technology have reduced murder rate (victims surviving major trauma)

Answer 68

Murder/homicide rate because hard to fake a murder

Answer 69

Philosophy of criminal justice based on notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits According to deterrence theory, stiffer penalties, increased prison terms, and stricter parole guidelines should help reduce crime

Answer 70

If one of penal systems is to reduce recidivism, applying long-term label may cause prejudice against offender, resulting in inability to maintain employment and social relationships Occurs when a person who has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior There are numerous unintended consequences of deterrence theory that may ultimately result in increased recidivism After incarceration, it’s harder to find work, since record shows you’ve been convicted of crime Potentially makes crime a likely avenue, since traditional employment is less available While commitment to total institution is supposed to help an individual learn to function as a productive member of society, there are many aspects of total institutions that lead to opposite result

Answer 71

Mass incarceration in U.S. Corrections should be most important, but it’s not -- punishment Ex: prisoners likely to result to homelessness and suicide

Answer 72

Victor Rios Youth Control Complex: various institutions come together to criminalize, stigmatize, and punish young inner-city men Hyper Criminalization: the process by which an individual’s everyday behaviors and styles become ubiquitously treated as deviant, risky Threatening or criminal, across social contexts; has profound impact on young people’s perception, worldviews, and life outcomes

Test 2 Flashcards

(96 cards)